The consequence of the 1970s and 1980s civil War, and accusations against leaders
Source column 1, spans 14 columns
Issayas explained why the EPLF split from the ELF in the following words:
What people were doing before 1970 was to democratise the nature of the ELF organisation from within, bring new ideas, and criticise their practices. Unfortunately the ELF leadership resorted to physical liquidation of all people who were coming with new ideas. This physical liquidation within the ELF intensified the opposition. Finally there was no other choice except to break away from this organisation and found a new organisation which could meet the demands and aspiration of the people (p.130) Firebrace, James ( 1984)
However, this is untrue. As mention earlier, the EPLF was founded in power competition by the EPLF leaders ( Sabba and Issayas) with the ELF leaders ( Idris Mohamed Adem and Abdella Idris). After the formation of the EPLF groups (1 and 2) in the early 1970, the ELF leaders instead of solving their differences in dialogue with the EPLF leaders, the ELF leaders
who were elected at the First National Congress passed a resolution to take military action against the EPLF similar to the decision passed by the ELF Supreme Council against the Haraka in 1965.
Herui Tedla Bairu who was elected vice-chairman of the Revolutionary Council in 1971 following in his father's footsteps, participated in the decision to liqidate the EPLF in1972(Killon, 1998:251) This caused for the two years civil and an estimated 3, 000 casualities among the fighters more deaths among the combatants than the entire thirteen years of government military actions to 1991( Human Rights Watch 1991:42). The ELF, under the military command of Abdalla Idris, denounced the new organzation
Source column 1, spans 14 columns
The ELF passed a series of resolutions on Februrary 29, 1972 aimed at liquidating its rivals.(Sherman 1980: 81) which was caused a civil war 1972-1974.
During the civil war(1972-1974) more than a thousand lives lost because of power rivalry between the ELF and EPLF leaders. According to the Human Rights Watch (1991).
The two years of internecine strife between the two movements, which caused an estimated 3,000 casualties among the fighters - more deaths among the combatants than the entire thirteen years of government military actions to date. Purges within the two fronts also saw a number of people murdered.
A battle between the two fronts at Wolki in October 1974 left 600 fighters dead, and caused a spontaneous demonstration by the citizens of Asmara, who marched to the battlefield and demanded that the fronts settle their differences by negotiation ( Human Rights Watch 1991, 42). Markakis ( 1987: 138)also states that in October 1974, a newly arrived ELF-PLF unit stationed in the village of Zager, 18 km from Asmara, clashed with an ELF unit from the nearby village of Woki. A murderous battle ensued lasting several days, with heavy casualties on both side.
ELF and EPLF leaders who should be blamed for the death of 3000 fighters in the civil war 1972-1974
Source column 1, spans 6 columns
Some victims of the civil war
Source column 1, spans 4 columns
Source column 5
I
Source column 6
Mahmoud Ibrahim Muhammad Saeed (Chekini):According to the ELF " he was killed (martyred) during the first Eritrean civil war. However, according to a reliable source Mahmoud ibrahim -chekini was murdered in the Sahel.
Tuku'e Yehadego According to the EPLF Tuku was killed in an ELF ambush in 1971 while bringing supplies from Port-Sudan to ELF-PLF fighters in Sahel, this was based on the EPLF story. However, according to a reliable source Tuku'e did not die in the civil war but there was a story that he mysteriously disappeared while he was with Girmai Mehari
Source column 1, spans 14 columns
After the ceasefire agreement between the ELF and EPLF in 1974, there was an on-off confrontation fighting between the ELF and EPLF which caused the death of some fighters on both sides. This confrontation stopped for some time after the 20th of October unity agreement between the ELF and EPLF leaders in 1977.
The agreement which reached between the two fronts’ leaders was not a genuine unity agreement but was a tactical agreement similar to what happened among the opposition leaders from 1999 to present. As a result of this tacticl unity agreement a long power rivalry between the EPLF leader ( Issayas ) and the ELF leader ( Abdella Idris) the EPLF leaders took military action against the ELF in 1981.
The military action which was taken by the EPLF led to civil war that caused the deaths of many fighters on both sides. This was the ELF Supreme Council’s legacy of military action against Haraka in 1965. Mengesteab (2005:55) adds that Isaias and his group restored to the old ELF argument that Eritrea could not support more than one liberation front.
Source column 1, spans 2 columns, spans 3 rows
Source column 3, spans 5 columns, spans 2 rows
Until 1977, the EPLF argued that secondary contradictions could not and should not be resolved by armed means, suggesting that political dialogue. This was when the EPLF was militarily weak relative to its rival.
Source column 1, spans 7 columns
ELF and EPLF leaders who should be blamed for the death of unknown number fighters in the civil war of 1981.[According to unofficial report the civil war of 1981 caused an estimated between 1,000 and 2,000 casualties]
Source column 1, spans 7 columns
In 1981 Abdella Idris was defeated by his long rival Issayas and lost power inside Eritrea. In 1982 Abdella Idris took military action against his opponents, the leaders of the ELF-RC, and Melake Tekele was killed by Abdella Idris.
Source column 1, spans 2 rows
Source column 2, spans 6 columns
Melake Tekele was not innocent of crime as he was the head of the ELF security department which was responsible for the kidnapping, disappearance and killing of innocent civilians and fighters from 1975-1980.
•In 1986 there was a military clash between the ELF-PLF-UO and the ELF-RC which caused the deaths of an unknown number of fighters from both sides
• In 1986 the ELF-RC was also attacked by the EPLF
• In 1988 the EPLF attacked the ELF-PLF UO and unknown number of fighters of ELF-PLF UO were killed includes its military commander Tesfay Mehere
Source column 1, spans 13 columns
The opposition leaders' unwillingness to consolidate the Eritrean people's struggle against this autocratic government has a history going back to the 1970s when they set back the victory of the liberation struggle in 1978 just 30 years ago. Regarding this Wolde Giorgis(1989: 93) wrote that the ELF and EPLF had the power to take Asmara, but at the last minute their mutual hatred proved stronger than their hatred of the Ethiopian army. He adds that, they lost their opportunity because they could not come to an agreement.
If there were genuine leadership inside the opposition groups in 2001, this autocratic regime would not have remained in power until now. However, the opposition groups leaders have contributed greatly to prolong this dictatorship.
To conclude it is not the intention of this paper to detail the problems of the opposition leaders, but this is just to highlight that the mistakes of the former revolutionary leaders and their collaborators are being repeated by the people who lead the opposition groups.
Original SHA-256: 6e4778f204d50b43ef6ba88b344eb1cfd413887ae6b68a310792aae57adafb11
Read passage and 1 other preserved context
However, this is untrue. As mention earlier, the EPLF was founded in power competition by the EPLF leaders ( Sabba and Issayas) with the ELF leaders ( Idris Mohamed Adem and Abdella Idris). After the formation of the EPLF groups (1 and 2) in the early 1970, the ELF leaders instead of solving their differences in dialogue with the EPLF leaders, the ELF leaders who were elected at the First National Congress passed a resolution to take military action against the EPLF similar to the decision passed by the ELF Supreme Council against the Haraka in 1965.
Original SHA-256: 6e4778f204d50b43ef6ba88b344eb1cfd413887ae6b68a310792aae57adafb11
Read passage and 1 other preserved context
Herui Tedla Bairu who was elected vice-chairman of the Revolutionary Council in 1971 following in his father's footsteps, participated in the decision to liqidate the EPLF in1972(Killon, 1998:251) This caused for the two years civil and an estimated 3, 000 casualities among the fighters more deaths among the combatants than the entire thirteen years of government military actions to 1991( Human Rights Watch 1991:42). The ELF, under the military command of Abdalla Idris, denounced the new organzation
Original SHA-256: 6e4778f204d50b43ef6ba88b344eb1cfd413887ae6b68a310792aae57adafb11
Read passage and 2 other preserved contexts
The ELF passed a series of resolutions on Februrary 29, 1972 aimed at liquidating its rivals.(Sherman 1980: 81) which was caused a civil war 1972-1974. During the civil war(1972-1974) more than a thousand lives lost because of power rivalry between the ELF and EPLF leaders. According to the Human Rights Watch (1991). The two years of internecine strife between the two movements, which caused an estimated 3,000 casualties among the fighters - more deaths among the combatants than the entire thirteen years of government military actions to date. Purges within the two fronts also saw a number of people murdered. A battle between the two fronts at Wolki in October 1974 left 600 fighters dead, and caused a spontaneous demonstration by the citizens of Asmara, who marched to the battlefield and demanded that the fronts settle their differences by negotiation ( Human Rights Watch 1991, 42). Markakis ( 1987: 138)also states that in October 1974, a newly arrived ELF-PLF unit stationed in the village of Zager, 18 km from Asmara, clashed with an ELF unit from the nearby village of Woki. A murderous battle ensued lasting several days, with heavy casualties on both side.
Original SHA-256: 6e4778f204d50b43ef6ba88b344eb1cfd413887ae6b68a310792aae57adafb11
Read passage and 2 other preserved contexts
After the ceasefire agreement between the ELF and EPLF in 1974, there was an on-off confrontation fighting between the ELF and EPLF which caused the death of some fighters on both sides. This confrontation stopped for some time after the 20th of October unity agreement between the ELF and EPLF leaders in 1977.
Original SHA-256: 6e4778f204d50b43ef6ba88b344eb1cfd413887ae6b68a310792aae57adafb11
Read passage and 2 other preserved contexts
The agreement which reached between the two fronts’ leaders was not a genuine unity agreement but was a tactical agreement similar to what happened among the opposition leaders from 1999 to present. As a result of this tacticl unity agreement a long power rivalry between the EPLF leader ( Issayas ) and the ELF leader ( Abdella Idris) the EPLF leaders took military action against the ELF in 1981.
Original SHA-256: 6e4778f204d50b43ef6ba88b344eb1cfd413887ae6b68a310792aae57adafb11
Read passage and 1 other preserved context
The military action which was taken by the EPLF led to civil war that caused the deaths of many fighters on both sides. This was the ELF Supreme Council’s legacy of military action against Haraka in 1965. Mengesteab (2005:55) adds that Isaias and his group restored to the old ELF argument that Eritrea could not support more than one liberation front.
Original SHA-256: 6e4778f204d50b43ef6ba88b344eb1cfd413887ae6b68a310792aae57adafb11
Read passage and 1 other preserved context
Until 1977, the EPLF argued that secondary contradictions could not and should not be resolved by armed means, suggesting that political dialogue. This was when the EPLF was militarily weak relative to its rival.
Original SHA-256: 6e4778f204d50b43ef6ba88b344eb1cfd413887ae6b68a310792aae57adafb11
Read passage and 1 other preserved context
ELF and EPLF leaders who should be blamed for the death of unknown number fighters in the civil war of 1981.[According to unofficial report the civil war of 1981 caused an estimated between 1,000 and 2,000 casualties]
Original SHA-256: 6e4778f204d50b43ef6ba88b344eb1cfd413887ae6b68a310792aae57adafb11
Read passage and 1 other preserved context
In 1981 Abdella Idris was defeated by his long rival Issayas and lost power inside Eritrea. In 1982 Abdella Idris took military action against his opponents, the leaders of the ELF-RC, and Melake Tekele was killed by Abdella Idris.
Original SHA-256: 6e4778f204d50b43ef6ba88b344eb1cfd413887ae6b68a310792aae57adafb11
Read passage and 1 other preserved context
Melake Tekele was not innocent of crime as he was the head of the ELF security department which was responsible for the kidnapping, disappearance and killing of innocent civilians and fighters from 1975-1980.
Original SHA-256: 6e4778f204d50b43ef6ba88b344eb1cfd413887ae6b68a310792aae57adafb11
Read passage and 1 other preserved context
•In 1986 there was a military clash between the ELF-PLF-UO and the ELF-RC which caused the deaths of an unknown number of fighters from both sides • In 1986 the ELF-RC was also attacked by the EPLF • In 1988 the EPLF attacked the ELF-PLF UO and unknown number of fighters of ELF-PLF UO were killed includes its military commander Tesfay Mehere
Original SHA-256: 6e4778f204d50b43ef6ba88b344eb1cfd413887ae6b68a310792aae57adafb11
Read passage and 1 other preserved context
The opposition leaders' unwillingness to consolidate the Eritrean people's struggle against this autocratic government has a history going back to the 1970s when they set back the victory of the liberation struggle in 1978 just 30 years ago. Regarding this Wolde Giorgis(1989: 93) wrote that the ELF and EPLF had the power to take Asmara, but at the last minute their mutual hatred proved stronger than their hatred of the Ethiopian army. He adds that, they lost their opportunity because they could not come to an agreement. If there were genuine leadership inside the opposition groups in 2001, this autocratic regime would not have remained in power until now. However, the opposition groups leaders have contributed greatly to prolong this dictatorship.
Original SHA-256: 6e4778f204d50b43ef6ba88b344eb1cfd413887ae6b68a310792aae57adafb11
Read passage and 1 other preserved context
To conclude it is not the intention of this paper to detail the problems of the opposition leaders, but this is just to highlight that the mistakes of the former revolutionary leaders and their collaborators are being repeated by the people who lead the opposition groups.
