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The venomous despot DIA and  
The “Kagnew Station CIA” Connection 
 
Kagnew Station “Main Gate” - Asmara 
In the cold war environment of the 1950s, the Ethiopians had Western political support for the 
consolidation of their control over Eritrea, which given its location on the Red Sea was of 
strategic interest to the Americans.  
During the Cold War period between the Western Bloc led by USA and Western Europe and the 
Eastern Bloc led by the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the world witnessed deadly wars and 
competition between the two blocs to exert their control over the world. During the process of 
Cold War competition, many wars were fought and many countries were the stages of their wars 
the result being the world being divided between East and West or being one of their satellites 
revolving arounfd them. Eritrea, and specifically Asmara was an ideal place due to its altitude 
and location to be used as a Radio operating site by the USA to spy on the Soviet Union 
communications. 
 
In March 1941 Roosevelt administration declared Ethiopia eligible for the military aid program 
known as the Lend-Lease program. This was done to support the British troops in Libya and 

Egypt which were fighting Germany's Afrika Korps. The focus of the lend-lease program was in 
Eritrea, a former Italian colony which strategically bordered the Red Sea.  
British forces had established a communications base at the former Italian radio communications 
base named called Radio Marina, which was located in Asmara, Eritrea. The British used the 
former Italian name for the base, Radio Marina. The United States received access to the base 
from the British beginning in 1942. The United States would initially call the former Radio 
Marina the "Asmara Barracks," but the name "Radio Marina" would become the more enduring 
name for the base until the base was officially named "Kagnew Station." 
Kagnew Station was a United States Army installation in Asmara, Eritrea on the Horn of Africa. 
The installation was established in 1943 as a U.S. Army radio station, taking over and 
refurbishing a pre-existing Italian naval radio station (Radio Marina), after Italian forces based in 
Asmara surrendered to the Allies in 1941. Kagnew Station operated until April 29, 1977, when 
the last Americans left.  
The station was home to the United States Army's 4th Detachment of the Second Signal Service 
Battalion. The Cold War listening station, Kagnew Station, was located nearly on the equator 
and at an altitude of 7,300 feet (2,200 m) above sea level. Its altitude and close proximity to the 
equator made Kagnew Station an ideal site for the Cold War listening station's dishes and the 
2,500-acre (10 km2) antenna farm. In all Kagnew sprawled over 3,400 acres (14 km2) containing 
eight fenced or walled tracts. Kagnew Station became home for over 5,000 American citizens at 
a time during its peak years of operation during the 1960s. 
After the war (WWII), the United Nations conducted a lengthy inquiry regarding the status of 
Eritrea, with the superpowers each vying for a stake in the state's future. Britain, the last 
administrator at the time, put forth the suggestion to partition Eritrea between Sudan and 
Ethiopia, separating Christians and Muslims. The idea was instantly rejected by all Eritrean 
political parties as well as the UN. 
 The United States point of view was expressed by its then chief foreign policy advisor John 
Foster Dulles who said:  
“From the point of view of justice, the opinions of the Eritrean people must receive 
consideration. Nevertheless, the strategic interests of the United States in the Red Sea Basin 
and considerations of security and world peace make it necessary that the country [Eritrea] be 
linked with our ally, Ethiopia.”   John Foster Dulles, 1952   
 (Source: Heiden, Linda (June 1978 1979). "The Eritrean Struggle for Independence". Monthly 
Review 30 (2): 15.) 

Issays’s hypocrisy concerning Anti-Americanism and CIA 
 
 
By: Resoum Kidane 
 24/01/2008 
One of the political deceptions which the public should know about is Issays’s hypocritical anti-
Americanism. The story of Issays’s connection with the CIA goes back to April 1970 and to the 
Kagnew, US. base in Asmara. 
Issays managed to keep this a secret for nearly 30 years, from 1971 to 2001, by covering up and 
systematically eliminating key figures who knew about the meeting between him and CIA at 
Kagnew Station. However, in the era of Internet nothing can be kept secret, and the true story has 
been published online by Hagos Woldu in 2003, Alem Tesfay in 2004, Woldeyesus Ammar in 
2004, Oqabanquel Tesfatsion in 2007, Aida Kidane in 2007 and Ruth Habtemariam in 2008. In 
connection with this story, Alem Tesfay in 2004 explained the cause of Abrham Twoldeo death 
which is still secret, in the following words: 
After Issays came back to the Ala groups from the meeting he held with members of the CIA, he 
decided to split from the ELF. Because of this there was an argument with Abrham Twoldeo 
who was against splitting from the ELF, and over the talks with the Americans and the 
Ethiopians. After one month of arguments between them Abrham Twoldeo died(1) suddenly on 
17 May 1970, which is still a secret for most of us.” Concerning this Erlich (1988: 97), states that 

one of Issays's main rivals in the rebel movement was poisoned to death. After Abrham Twoldeo 
death, Issays succeeded to the leadership of the group and then he took steps to split from the 
ELF.  
Regarding the story linking Issays and the CIA, most of the EPLF fighters who joined the Front 
in mid 1970s didn’t know about the secret meeting. And it would never have crossed their minds 
because there was a lot of campaigning against Imperialism and the CIA within the Front. The 
author of this paper still recalls when young students from Petogo in Asmara who joined the 
Front were accused of being CIA agents, and they were forced to confess in our presence that 
they were sent by the CIA. It was also intended to convince the new recruited fighters that the 
rumour disseminated by the ELF about the above meeting was groundless. It was designed by 
Issays to serve as an excuse for liquidating anyone who was a threat to his power during the 
period of the Menkaa movement. The Issays group spread the rumour that there were up to one 
hundred and fifty CIA agents within the movement (Megiesteab Kidane 2005:49). For example 
Tewelde Tesfamariam, who joined from Hamburg in 1972, was wrongly killed as a CIA spy. 
It was Tesfamichael Giorgio who first broke the news about the Kagnew deal in the Eritrea 
Liberation Front. He also presented a paper at the Massawa Symposium ’Secessionists and CIA 
Connection’ in 1982. This paper is available for public reference from: 
www.ehrea.org/TesfaMikegiorgioAmarina.pdf. It gives full coverage to the entire story and 
should be recommended reading for everyone. 
"At the end of the meeting, the negotiators went to Kagnew for dinner. Essayas and Wodi 
Giorgio spent the night at Copland's residence. The next day, Essayas and Wodi Giorgio were 
taken out of Kagnew Station in a Cadillac car driven by Copland himself, with curtains drawn, 
and flying the US flag". Excerpt from Revisiting the Kagnew Station Incident.Amar(2004) 
Amar(2004) states that Wodi Giorg , who was at the meeting with Issays and Col. Mamuzer 
Copland on 2 July 1970(note), had an interview with the local press in Addis which appeared in 
an Amharic newspaper called "Senay", volume 1 number 3 of February 1993. A short while 
later, Wodi Giorgio was shot dead in front of his Addis Ababa house in order to keep the 
meeting secret. 
Others who knew about the meeting at Kagnew Station, Habteselassie Ghebremedhin and 
Tweldeo Iyob were killed on the pretext of Menka; and Solomon Woldemariam and Haile Jebah 
also were killed on the pretext of the conflict with Yemen. The remaining founder of Self Nistnet 
who knew the story, namely Weldemichael Haile (note) was killed shortly after the victory of 
Segeneti in 1977 by an unidentified gunman. Tesfa Ytbark and Beraki were killed in the 
battlefield. The only survivor from the founders of Self Nitsnet was Asmerom, who has never 
wished to tell this secret to the public out of loyalty to Issays. Both Mesfin Hagos and Abdella 
Adem who were members of the Central Committee knew this story but since both collaborated 

with Issays in crimes against innocent fighters in the 1970s, I doubt that they will ever publicly 
tell the truth. Only Haile Menkeros, who taught foundation politics to the new recruits at Beleqet 
military training camp in 1975, when the fighters were accused of being CIA agents could 
inform the public. He was also Ambassador to Ethiopia in 1993 at the time when Tesfamichael 
Giorgio was assassinated by the EPLF security. He arranged to return the body of Tesfamichael 
from Addis Ababa to Asmara.  
 
Tesfa Mikel Giorgio 
By and large, the Front systematically eliminated thousands of new recruits from among 
progressive Eritrean students under various pretexts in the 1970s., in contradiction to Issays’s 
proclaimed anti- Imperialism. This was well documented by historians and journalists who were 
experts in the Eritrean liberation struggle. According to Dan Connell (2003:271) in the 1970s. 
Issays insisted that American imperialism has been our enemy, is our enemy and will remain our 
enemy as long as it exists as an imperialist force in the world. Furthermore, in his 1984 interview 
with Adulis he also called the U.S an imperialist power which had exerted considerable pressure 
to destroy the Eritrean Revolution ( Adulis, 1984). 
But, unexpectedly he ceased to call the US an Imperialist power. An example of this was a 1986 
interview in which he criticised the US policy in the Horn of Africa without calling the US either 
imperialist or an enemy of the Eritrea people. He simply claimed that “ a political solution to the 
Eritrean problem remained a secondary issue to the U.S. administration”(Levit, 1986). This 
occurred when he emerged as leader from the mid 1980s through eliminating his challengers 
(example Ibrahim Afa in 1985),  
This was an attempt to revitalise his relationship with the USA which he had already established 
in 1970 . Indeed in the 1980s his relationship with the U.S improved, and he was invited for 
lunch with a senior member of the Bush Administration during the Atlanta meeting, 1989. Also 
he was invited to address a seminar at the Brookings Institution (Perlez 1990 ). Shortly after 
liberation, 1991, Issays chose to ally himself with the United States and Israel rather than have 
relations with liberation movements, despite this being in contradiction to what the EPLF had 
taught its members in the 1970s.This stance greatly contributed to enhancing his relations with 

the Bush Administration which had led to the opening of the Israel embassy on March 15, 1993. 
This followed Issays being flown to Israel for medical treatment in 1993 ( Muhammed, 2003) 
Throughout the 1990s America considered that “Issays was one of the new generation" of 
African leaders who could preserve the USA interests there, through protecting Israel’s regional 
security, and combating the extremist regime in Sudan. The first step by the Eritrean government 
was to accuse Turabi of helping the Jihad in Eritrea, Ittihad in Somalia, and the Oromos in 
Ethiopia.(The Middle East magazine, 1995) Consequently, the Islamist regime in Khartoum 
began to distance itself from Eritrea and in 1995, the tension between Khartoum and the Asmara 
government grew worse, leading to the closing of the Sudanese Embassy in Asmara. 
In relation to the above, during Issays official visit to Washington in 1995, there was an 
agreement between Isaias Afeworki and Washington that the Eritrean military would be trained 
in US army camps This was in line with the aim to overthrow the Sudanese government. Ruth 
Simon (1997) reported that Eritrean soldiers fought alongside rebels in neighbouring Sudan. The 
escalation of tensions between the Sudanese and Eritrean governments served to strengthen U.S 
–Eritrean relations. On 4 May 1997, it was announced that the US was providing as much as $20 
million in military supplies to the country (Timeline). This was due to the agreement reached 
between Issays Afework and Washington in 1995, and also to his great contribution in Laurent 
Kabila replacing Mobutu in Congo. 
After a year of the military assistance from the USA, Issays, to ensure his hegemony in the 
region, ordered the Eritrea Defence Force to occupy Badema on 8 May 1998, which caused the 
Ethiopian –Eritrean 1998-2000 border war. 
Despite the fact that Issays provoked the border conflict in May 1998, the following year he 
received honours from a US group for his leadership skills to end hunger, war and poverty 
(Visafrica, 1999). This was despite the fact that his conduct had opposed development, 
prosperity and peace by refusing to accept the U.S-Rwanda peace plan. He had rejected it on the 
grounds that Eritrea didn’t have to raise its hands in surrender, indicating that he was not willing 
to end the war through peaceful dialogue. Thereafter, in 2001 he accused a member of the 
national assembly, who wrote a letter to him advising that Eritrea should accept the U.S-Rwanda 
peace plan, of being recruited by the CIA, a cover up for his humiliating defeat in the 1998-2000 
border war. 
Issays also accused the Central Intelligence Agency and the US envoy to Eritrea-Ethiopia, 
Anthony Lake, of plotting to overthrow him in 2000 (Gedab 2006) .Regardless of this accusation 
and the Government's poor human rights record which was reported by the State Department, in 
May 2002, National Security Adviser, Condoleezza Rice, made clear that, in the event that 
Eritrean extremists were to overthrow the regime, the US would be compelled to opt for the 

“lesser evil” and would defend Issays’s presidency in order to prevent the possibility of Eritrea 
becoming a menace to Israel( Mengesteab Kidane 2005: 181) 
Furthermore, when the U.S. secretary of defence Donald Rumsfeld visited Eritrea in December, 
2002 he was asked about Eritrea’s abysmal press freedom record. Instead of condemning 
Afeworki as one of Africa’s most brutal rulers, he answered: “it is a sovereign nation, and they 
arrange themselves and deal with their problems in ways that they feel are appropriate to them.” 
(News Transcript , 2002) 
 
These two "pleasant" people are, from left to right, Donald Rumsfeld and Issays Afeworki, actual 
Eritrean dictator: they are shaking hands with great affection. ( source ).Rumsfeld: My goodness 
Mr. President I expected to hear some words from you.President: I will go right after you. 
Despite the fact that there had been little criticism from the US, in 2007 Issays tried again to 
divert the attention of the international community from his dictatorial rule and internal problems 
by portraying the US as the "historic enemy of Eritrea”. This contradicted what happened five 
years earlier when he had asked the US to set up a military base. Regarding this Kidane, 
Megisteab(2005:181) added that Issays’s offer to devote Eritrea’s scare resources to help 
America fight global terrorism, at a time when other countries in the region were working hard to 
use their geopolitical position as a leverage to squeeze more American aid, simply exposed 
Issays’s utter desperation to secure the regime preservation with U.S military patronage. 
However, in 2007, only a year after he had tried to become a major ally in the US-led "war 
against terrorism", Issays made a u-turn, branding the US as the "historic enemy" of Eritrea, 
alleging it to be behind its conflict with Ethiopia,” (afrol News, 2008) 
Regarding this Analysts stated: “Eritrea has in a matter of years gone from being a U.S. ally to a 
frontman for rival interests from Muslim north Africa and the Middle East” (Kimbal, 2006) 

The US-Eritrean relationship has deteriorated not because the Issays regime is a dictatorship but 
because the United States has supported Ethiopian intervention and helped the Somali interim 
government. On the other hand the Eritrean government supported the Islamist insurgents in 
Somalia, which was in contradiction to Issays’s earlier attitude toward Islamist extremism. 
Issays has accused the US of an unjust and unfriendly policy in the Horn of Africa in 2007, he 
has never been a principled opponent of the U.S. In early 2008, during talks with US 
Congressman Donald Payne, he illustrated his hypocrisy by saying: “Eritrea wishes to improve 
its relations with the U.S" 
In general, his hypocrisy of being Anti-American has existed for the last 40 years, and includes 
branding the US as the "historic enemy of the Eritrean people to manipulate and divert Eritreans 
from thinking about justice and democracy and to get support from them when he planned to 
crush dissidents. 
In fact he has betrayed the Eritrean people, more than anyone else since he has never wished to 
see a bright future for the younger generation of Eritrea. He has killed thousands of innocent 
young fighters under different pretexts accusing them of spying. His attitude towards the Eritrean 
people is no different from the former governor of Eritrea, Ras Asrate Kassa who said that he 
would leave Eritrea as bare as his bald head in 1967, just 40 years ago. Issays has still a desire 
for what he had in the mid-1990s to form a confederation between Eritrea and Ethiopia and to 
become the head of both states. Since he has this dream he has currently chosen to be allied with 
Kinjet (an Ethiopia opposition party which has never accepted the independence of Eritrea) in 
order to recreate a Greater Ethiopia. 
In connection to his hypocrisy, the following questions should be raised: 
1.Was the systematic purging of progressive fighters in 1970s related to the meeting between 
Issays and Col. Mamuzer. Copland on 2 July 1970? 
One of the points in that meeting was Self Nitsnet (the new force which was founded by Issays 
after the death of Abrham Twoldeo who had been against the talks with the CIA at Kagnew 
Station) This organisation worked strongly against communist and socialist influences within the 
front. By the mid 1980s the front gradually abandoned its leftist outlook. 
Issayas accomplished his task 10 years after his contact with the CIA in the 1980s through 
eliminating thousands of progressive intellectual fighters of the EPLF who had been Marxists. 
Issayas, was able to say in 1989: “ I don’t think there is even a trace of Leninst-style structure in 
the EPLF now “.(Perlez 1990) 

To find information about those who were executed in the 1970s by the Front and mentioned by 
Mengeisteab Kidane(2005:50) please visit this web page. 
2. Rumours were spread in the Menkaa movement, in the 1970s, accusing progressive fighters of 
being CIA recruits and this tactic was repeated in 2001. Why does Issays always accuse his 
challengers of being CIA agents ? Is he trying to cover up his 1970 secret meeting with the CIA? 
3. How is one to explain the recent antagonistic relationship of Issays with the US? Is it going to 
develop a new anti-US relationship or is it mere demagogy. 
In conclusion, the author appeals for the second time to all former members of the EPLF who 
survived the war, especially those who were in the Central Committee between 1977-1987 
(Abdella Adem, Haile Menkerios, Mesfin Hagos and Andebrhan Wolde Giorgis ) and other 
senior post holders, especially members of the 72 ( the EPLF Intelligent Centre ) to tell the 
public the truth about the EPLF leadership’s crimes against innocent fighters. They should also 
break their silence about what they knew, concerning the conspiracy by Issays against the 
interest of the Eritrean people during their liberation struggle, and after liberation 
especiallyregarding to the proposal for the establishment of a confederation between Eritrea and 
Ethiopia and the development of relations between Israel and Eritrea. This had been a surprise 
for most EPLF fighters in 1993. 
Note 1. 
 1.
  

Excerpt from Kab Mezgeb Tarich by Alem Tesfay 
 
source
  
 
INTERVIEW-Eritrean leader blames CIA plot for youth exodus 13 May 2008 16:18:40  
 
 
Source: http://www.ehrea.org/issayaship.htm 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

EPLF: THE MOTHER OF ALL CIA POLITICAL SURROGATES IN 
ETHIOPIA - HOW RICHARD COPELAND (MILES COPELAND) OF 
THE CIA RECRUITED ISSAYAS AFEWORK: 1969 
 
As told by: Tesfa Mikael Giorgio 
 
Tesfa Mikel Giorgio 
(Senai magazine, Addis Ababa, February 1985 Eth.cal (1993) translated by us from the 
Amharic, and annotated) 
 
Before delving into the subject matter, we would like to say a few words 
about the CIA. Established in 1947, the CIA is the American spying agency in foreign 
lands with the objective of advancing the national interests of the United States. Similar to its 
rival the Soviet KGB, the CIA has been deeply engaged and has to a large extent met the 
responsibility entrusted to it. 
This spy agency has been engaged since its establishment in 1947, in three 
principal areas it has been particularly successful in secret political infiltration and 
psychological warfare in foreign lands through the use of force and secret plots. 
Given American focus on fighting socialism, the CIA has been particularly active in 
infiltrating and plotting to overthrow socialist regimes, and designating in its place a 
puppet regime which it can manipulate as desired. Where it has not succeeded to 
overthrow a given regime through infiltration and secret plotting, America does not hesitate to 
intervene militarily and designate a puppet regime. All this is carried out in the name of 
“democracy and human rights” 
It was thus that (in 1969) the CIA had launched a secret operation known by the 
code name of “seed planting project” (nursery), at Kagnew military base (near Asmara). 
At that date the United States had completely lost faith in Haile Selassie’s government. 
This CIA project was therefore intended to prepare an alternative means to defend 
American interests in the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa. And this alternative was plotting 
against and sabotaging Ethiopian unity, in collaboration with Ato Issays Afework. This account 
may not be trusted by our readers. And yet this account is the truth as told by no other than Tesfa 
Mikael Giorgio, then a governor of a district in Eritrea, who had 

participated in the negotiations at Kagnew between the CIA and Issayas Afework. 
America was alerted that her position in the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa was 
facing danger when she realized that a guerrilla organization called Jebha ( ELF, Eritrean 
Liberation Front) supported by closely allied Arab countries was gaining fame through its 
military campaigns in the Eritrean lowlands, while the Government of Haile Selassie battered 
from various angles was shaking unable to stand on its feet. The United States Government was 
worried that if the situation continued in this way, Eritrea and the Red Sea will fall under the 
control of extremist Arab countries (allied to the Soviet Union), while Haile Selassie’s 
government will be overthrown and replaced by a socialist regime.  
(Our Note: 
 More importantly, due to PLO training and advice (and also due to the provision of arms and 
finances by Libya, the Sudan, South Yemen, and others …the establishment of the PLF marked 
an important turning point. Until then, for instance, Eritrea fighters had rarely used mines and 
explosives…By 1969 the number of Eritrea’s who had received training abroad (including Cuba, 
China) in advanced guerrilla tactics had increased considerably. With their new method and 
weapons the Eritreans began executing spectacular acts of sabotage and terrorism, including 
hijacking of planes, kidnapping of foreign diplomats, blowing up of bridges in front of cameras 
and ambushing and assassinating Ethiopian functionaries and collaborators Hagai Erlich, “The 
struggle over Eritrea”, 1983 p.28). 
 
That is the background to the CIA secret operation known by the secret code of 
“seed planting project.” And indeed the CIA has been able to anticipate and avoid a 
planned attack by the Palestinian organization known as “Black September”against the 
American bases in Asmara and Gura. 
Once the project was launched the CIA and top officials of Kagnew were busy 
recruiting intellectuals and young Eritreans coming to relax at the “Top Five” and Golf 
Club in Asmara. Their spying infiltration activities convinced the CIA more and more that Haile 
Selassie’s government, faced with both civilian and military opposition, could not last long, 
while on the other hand, the Eritrean guerrilla organization – the ELF – active in the Eritrean 
deserts, faced equally strong (mainly Christian) opposition whom it hunted down and eliminated 
physically(see note below). Among the Eritrean groups opposed to the ELF was Issayas 
Afework’s “Selfi Natsnet” 
 
(Our Note: Kidane Kinfu had been sent as of 1965 by the ELF to recruit Addis Ababa University 
students for the ELF and sow the seed of student revolt against the government of Haile Selassie 
Government. “Eritreans at Addis Ababa university distinguished themselves by their political 
activis, and their immersion in the radical ideological currents that were beginning to surge in 
Ethiopian student circles in the mid 1960’s (Markakis, “National and Class Conflict in the 
Horn” –1985, p119).  
 

By coincidence or by design, the Ethiopian student revolt had also started in 1965: And that is 
where the future leaders of the EPLF, including perhaps Issayas, were recruited. 
It is difficult to imagine that Kidane Kiflu entered Ethiopia and carried out his mission of 
recruitment and inciting revolt without attracting the attention of the Ethiopian security. We 
could imagine on the other hand, that he too was a CIA agent inside the ELF. Indeed given CIA 
expertise in destroying unwanted opposition parties through infiltration, and through the 
creation of parallel organizations, it has, either directly or indirectly, through Saudi Arabia and 
conservative Iraq, infiltrated the ELF Muslim leadership of the western Muslim lowlands, with 
its well-known divide and rule objective on religious and linguistic lines (Arab versus Tigrigna ). 
Although strongly resented by the Christian highlanders, Arabic was the official language of the 
ELF. Its literature was written in that language, and Arab nomenclature was adopted within the 
front, such as Jebha, and Shaabia. All that contributed to the Muslim-Christian contradictions. It 
is to such contradictions of divide and rule methods that the continuous massacre of Christian 
members within the ELF has been attributed. The creation of religious and linguistic zones 
similar to our “kilel” of today enforced by the conservative elements within the ELF and which 
had incited strong opposition among particularly the Christian highlanders, may also be 
attributed to such “divide and rule” anti-unity external infiltration. So also Ethiopia, certainly in 
collaboration with the CIA appears to have been engaged in secret contacts with the ELF: 
Indeed about September 1969, that is a few weeks before the CIA story we are recounting here, 
“the leaders of the western regions were in constant touch with Idris (Mohamed) Adam (one 
time ELF Chairman and conservative element) were negotiating a deal with the Ethiopians in 
which the ELF would stop disturbing communications with the ports of Massawa and Assab in 
exchange for a free hand in the west (along the Sudan border. Mohamed (Ahmed )Abdu (member 
of the General command formed by the Adobha congress of August 1969) was accused of 
negotiating to this effect with the U.S consul in Asmara , Murray Jackson. The chief advisors of 
Eritrea’s Ethiopian Governor, Ras Asrate Kassa – namely , Tesfa Yohannes Berhe, Hamid 
Faraj, and Muhammad Umar Qadi – were to be in contact with members of the General 
command. In fact, sometime in early 1970, (1969?) the Ethiopian Ras clandestinely to a remote 
town near the Sudanese border to discuss the matter with Idris Adam” (Hagai Erlich , “The 
Struggle over Eritrea : 1962-1978 (Hoover Institution publication , 1983). 
Issayas Afework was born in 1944 (Hagai says 1946, op.cit. p.29) in the Christian 
highlands of Hamassein, and is of Tigrai origin on the side of his mother who was a native of 
ancient and historic Yeha in the Adowa region. Dejach Solomon, one time Assistant Minister of 
Interior, and later Governor of Wollo was his uncle. Issayas had joined the ELF in 1967 
(Markakis,, op.cit p.286, says 1966) after dropping out from the Engineering college in Addis 
Ababa university. 
Indeed in 1967, the Supreme Council of the ELF had sent him to Maoist China where he 
received a six-month military training, a strange opportunity for a newly recruited Christian 
element in the largely conservative Muslim leadership drawn from the Western lowlands and 
conservative ELF. 

Hagai Erlich’s story regarding the early days of Issayas in relation with the Italian half-cast Dr. 
Biasolo is false in some ways. Hagai writes, (“The struggle over Eritrea” ,1983, p.29) of the 
school teacher Issayas who “as a youngster had been influenced by a Marxist-oriented 
economist from Asmara, Dr. Biasolo, a half-caste businessman”. I have known Dr. Biasolo in 
Rome where he lived in exile under the Derg. He was not a Marxist. On the contrary he was very 
close to the Ethiopian leadership of the EPDA organized and financed by the CIA. One may 
therefore conclude that he might have been in those days in Asmara in the 1960’s and early 
1970’s among the CIA collaborators , all, including Issayas – posing under the cover and cloak 
of Marxism. With the rise to power of Issayas , Dr. Biasolo who has been promised to regain the 
property of his house, has returned to Asmara. 
In 1969 Kidane Kinfu would be assassinated in Kasala, at the height of an anti-Christian 
Hysteria  among the Western Eritrea ELF Muslim leaders , apparently on suspicion of being a 
spy of the Addis Ababa Government. Several hundred Christians were thus executed accused of 
being spies of the imperial government. see John Markakis, op.cit p.120, 126. 127 
 For the Christian Eritreans then concentrated in the former “fifth” Christian zone reserved for 
fighters from the highlands of Serae, Hamasein and Akele Guzai, and “particularly for the 
radical former (Addis Ababa university) student contingent, this was the last straw. Some 
abandoned the movement entirely.; others fled to the Sudan. Others in the former “fifth zone” 
split and headed for a place called Ala on the eastern edge of the escarpment in Akele Guzai to 
join Abrham Tewolde, the former commander of the “fifth Christian zone”. Among them was 
Issayas Afework the former political commissar of this zone.” ( Markakis,, National and Class 
conflict p.127). 
 
 It appears that Issayas group was initially (about this date) was no more than eleven.(Tesfa 
Tsion Medhanie, op. cit p. 35) 
 
One other important point that has to be raised in relation with Issayas’ membership 
of the ELF is that, as we now discover, justifying ELF suspicion, Issayas was indeed one of 
the spies in the service of the Ethiopian government paid to infiltrate the ELF and inform 
Addis Ababa. In fact, in an interview with the magazine “Menelik” (March 2001), General 
Daniel Menghistu, head of External intelligence Service at the Emperor’s cabinet. As the 
General himself tells us their job was different from the internal security organization. Their job 
was to spy on anti Ethiopian and anti-Government activities on the part of our Arab neighbors 
inside Eritrea and Somalia , as well as to spy on Soviet Communist activities in Ethiopia, and 
protect the person of the Emperor while travelling abroad.. The General tells us that the Foreign 
Intelligence Service was working in close co-operation with the “our allies”, and particularly , 
the CIA who helped them in the fights of what was considered the “principal enemy”, i.e. the 
Soviet Union and Soviet Communism.: 
 

“Paul Henze was our advisor for 27 months (1969-1972)” the general tells us. Paul Henze 
was “advising” So Ethiopia while Issays was plotting with Richard Copeland in Asmara to 
break Eritrea and dismember Ethiopia! It is no secret that the Ethiopian security was organized 
by the CIA and Monad , and may indeed be considered , under Haile Selassie , like the  Savak of 
the Shah of Iran, an international branch of the CIA. General Daniel tells us that although the 
Eritrean secessionist movement led by the ELF was infinitely small and did not mobilize more 
that 2000 followers they kept close watch on its movements, through spies that had infiltrated the 
organization.. 
 
“And one of these was Issayas Afework whom they had recruited to follow the 
Eritrean situation and report to them. It was precisely for that purpose that he was 
sent to join the ELF ” Issayas was financed and equipped with all that he needed by 
_Ras Asrate kassa ( (the Emperor’s Enderasse – Governor – 1964-1970.) Our agent in 
the Sudan was also co-coordinating the activities of our spies in the infiltration of the 
ELF. Our spies were largely Christians as they Christian highlanders in Eritrea were 
afraid of being overwhelmed by the Muslims “. 
 
There could be no doubt that both the CIA and the Monad must have known this. The 
Israelis were since 1965 engaged in the formation of the Nebelbal commando para-military 
counter-insurgency units to tackle the ELF. in close collaboration with Ras Asrat, must have 
known this And this might support the suspicion that Issayas was already in contact with the CIA 
before leaving Addis permanently, and perhaps even as a student at the Engineering College 
about which certain ELF leaders seem to be convinced. ) 
 
Once the Americans had discovered and identified the persecution suffered by 
“selfi netsanet” they were convinced that they could use it to fight back against the Muslim ELF 
and its ally the Palestinian “Black September” which threatened their bases at Asmara and Gura. 
It was thus that Richard Copeland (we believe the true name is the 
famous CIA agent at this time Miles Copeland who recruited Abdel Nasser) of the CIA 
launched the “seed planting project” and began hunting for members of that organization. 
Whether Eritrea will break away from Ethiopia , and whether human rights will be 
respected or not, does not bother American foreign policy. As long as American interests 
were served they were ready to ally themselves with the devil. And in order not to attract 
the opposition of the Ethiopian government, Richard Copeland had suggested what he 
called “Peace Conference” between the Ethiopian government and apparently, the ELF 
leadership. 
 
(Our Note: Whether the invitation letter was really sent to the ELF leadership or 
it was just another CIA ploy of announcing names without actually inviting the person 
concerned, as would seem most likely in this case, is for the survivors of ELF to tell us . 

 
A separate letter inviting “Selfi Natsanet” to attend the conference has been written by 
Dejazmach Gebre Yohannes Tesfa Maryam.. Upon receipt of Selfi Netsanet’s favourable 
response signed by Abrham Tewolde (leader of the Ala’ Christian group at that date.) and 
Solomon Wolde Maryam addressed to the Ethiopian Government, the date and place of the 
conference has been fixed. Accordingly a government negotiating committee made up of three 
representatives, - Lieutenant Colonel Gebre Egzi Abher Mehari, vice commissioner of the 
Eritrean Police force, and the author of this account , Tesfa Mikael Giorgio, governor of Deqe 
Mehari , with Dejazmach Gebre Kidan Tessema – judge at the supreme court, as Chairman, was 
established on Hedar 28, 1962 (November 1969). On 5 Tahsas , the negotiating committee had 
proceeded to the Ala desert but upon arrival the ELF leaders have not turned up because of the 
conflict between the two. Waiting for us were only the “Selfi Natsanet” faction of the ELF. Selfi 
Natsanet had therefore a good opportunity to discuss alone and freely with the Government 
delegation and meet the American officials at Kagnew. Several suggestions were forwarded by 
both parties. in the negotiations. The Selfi Natsanet group had requested for arms and material 
assistance to fight the Muslim ELF, but the government side having declined to meet that request 
saying they did not want to fuel a religious war among citizens; they had suggested instead to 
Selfi Natsanet to give their hands to the government and stop fighting. To this Selfi Natsanet 
having requested to talk to its members for their reaction, requested another appointment and the 
meeting was adjourned at that. Following this Richard Copeland had asked the author of this 
story, Tesfa Mikaell Giorgio, to arrange a separate meeting between him and the Selfi Natsanet 
leadership. It was thus that a meeting between Richard Copeland and Habte Selassie Gebre 
Medhin at Kagnew military base. 
At this meeting Copeland had learnt from Habte Selassie many major facts pertinent to his secret 
plot. He had concluded that it was important to ally himself with his new friends and attack both 
the Arab supported ELF and Haile Selassie’s government 
from the back by surprise. He did not mind to see Eritrea disintegrating as long as 
America’s interests in the Red Sea and Horn of Africa were served. 
Habte Selassie briefed Abrham Tewolde and Issayas on his talks with Richard 
Copeland. He was then sent back to Deqe Mehari to arrange the agenda for the next 
meeting with Richard Copeland. At the fixed date, Richard Copeland and his friend 
Richard Siwelen had come up with a an arms catalogue in order to further sharpen the 
desire of Selfi Natsanet leaders, and induce them to accept to serve as American war 
proxies. At this meeting Richard Copeland appeared most interested to know the 
contradiction between Selfi Natsanet and the ELF. Richard Copeland was not worried by 
the secession of Eritrea from Ethiopia but by the influence Islamic fundamentalist with the ELF 
and the risk of losing the Red Sea to a rival power. Finally Richard Copeland asked Habte 
Selassie to bring a letter from the Selfi Natsanet leadership officially requesting for military 
assistance. 
Accordingly a letter signed by Issayas Afework was addressed to the head of 

Kagnew base Colonel Mamuzer with the following requests. 
 
1.Given that the Christian fighters at Ala are daily massacred and slaughtered by the 
Muslim ELF which obtains massive political and military aid from Arab as well as  
Indirectly  socialist countries. 
 2.Given that the ELF policy reflects above all Arab policy and is targeted mainly against 
American and Israeli interests. 
3. Given that the political objective of Selfi Natsanet is fundamentally different aiming 
towards the establishment of a progressive democratic movement. To that end they 
requested American military assistance. 
Selfi Netsanet addressed such letters not only to the United States but to all Western 
countries stressing always the fact of Arab and socialist assistance to the Muslim ELF. 
It was clear that the leaders of Selfi Natsanet saw only their rival the ELF whom they 
wanted to destroy. They did not however consider the danger of allying with imperialist 
Western powers who at any time could change their position to if they find other more 
profitable ways for advancing their interests. 
After receiving the letter from Ato Issayas the Americans were happy to see that their 
“seed planting operation “ was advancing successfully. They fixed a budget and started 
financing the movement. However, as they had to finalize the agreement with Ato 
Afwork, an appointment date was fixed. (it is instructive that the letter to the CIA was signed by 
Issayas Afework, and that the CIA specifically ask to talk to Afework and not to the Selfi 
Natsanet Chairman Abrham Tewolde . In fact Abrham Tewolde would die in what has been 
described “mysterious circumstances” in reality poisoned by Issayas – prior to the 1st ELF 
Congress October-November 1971. Issayas will become the top figure –see Tesfa Tsion 
Medhanie, “Eritrea – Dynamics of a National Question,” p.37) 
 
On the appointment date, Ato Tesfa Mikael drove to Ala to accompany Ato Afework 
to Kagnew. The Americans having decided that, for security reasons, it would be better to hold 
the talks outside Kagnew, the group drove to the house of a security colleague near the Cathedral 
of St. Francesco at the Residence called Bowling. Richard Copeland had come in company of 
several American officials for the negotiations with Issayas Afework. 
Ato Issayas repeated the request that he had already enumerated in his letter and 
concluded by asking American assistance. The Americans wanted to hear a clear 
commitment on the part of Ato Issayas that they will protect all American bases and 
citizens in Eritrea from terrorist attacks. Ato Issays promised that he will do everything to 
protect American interests, but that he did not yet have the force to defend the American 
bases in Asmara and Gura. The Americans told him indirectly that as they are worried that 
following the fall of the weakened government of Haile Selassie’s, there might come a military 
government, unfriendly to the United States, they were ready to ally themselves even with anti-
unity secessionist forces. Indeed they stressed the point that they desired to ally themselves with 

an anti-socialist force committed to defend the Kagnew base as well as similar other American 
bases in the Red Sea., and committed to the establishment of a democratic government in 
Eritrea… 
Ato Issayas Afework, not having appreciated the American indirect reference 
regarding their disinterest for Ethiopian unity, stressed that they wanted full independence and 
that they will not accept a federal solution that may be proposed by the new government after 
Haile Selassie. In reply Richard Copeland had assured Issayas that as long American interests 
were safeguarded., they care less about Ethiopian unity. “ If you satisfy our conditions, and you 
want independence in return you shall have your 
independence”  Issayas was told. Richard Copeland went indeed further to advice Issayas 
not to accept the federal solution from a new government. Ato Issayas was further assured that if 
Selfi Natsanet could succeed in bringing the Red Sea coast under its control, they promised to 
supply unlimited quantity of arms by sea. 
Ato Issayas wanted to know if the Americans were talking serious and asked what 
guarantee do they have that the Americans will offer what they promise. Richard 
Copeland Laughingly replied: “Politics is gambling. You want independence . We want our Red 
Sea position secured and strengthened. That is your guarantee and our guarantee.” And with that 
the meeting had come to an end. They had then gone to the house of Richard Copeland to drink 
to the success of the new plot. And there were festivities. 
From now on Issayas avoided appearing in company of Richard Copeland and the 
Kagnew officials in order not to arouse the suspicion of Ethiopian security officials. So in 
the morning Richard Copeland arrived with an embassy Cadillac flying the American flag, 
curtained all over, so that no one could see who was inside, and drove out of Kagnew with 
Richard Copeland in the seat of the driver.. 
Following this Richard Copeland was busy putting into action his project of alliance 
with Selfi Natsanet. He had cheated Ras Asrate telling him that his agreement with Selfi 
Natsanet was only to safeguard American interests from the threats of the Palestinian 
“Black September”. He had then started bringing in lorries full of arms given to Selfi 
Natsanet which will soon be a powerful organization challenging the very existence of the ELF, 
and the unity of Ethiopia and Eritrea. 
 
(Our note: So while Richard Copeland was recruiting Issayas as a surrogate to fight 
Ethiopia and break away Eritrea , Paul Henze was “advising” the Emperor’s external 
intelligence Service, as we have seen above. Further this new agreement being signed between 
the CIA and Afework to start a new secessionist movement against the ELF was arranged 
together with Ras Asrat who had attended the meeting. But the fact that Issayas was now being 
organized also as a Christian secessionist movement to fight Ethiopia must have been opposed 
by Ras Asrate or it becomes an intriguing issue. Indeed the Emperor will remove Ras Asrate 
from his post as Governor of Eritrea , the next year , 1970, on account of what some observers 

attribute to an alleged suspicion that the ambitious Ras was plotting to overthrow him in 
collaboration with the secessionists, and perhaps also in collaboration with the CIA and Mosad. 
 
 “The Ras’ – political non-military- approach (as opposed to the military approach of Prime 
Minister Alkali) was dictated by his interest in turning Eritrea into a power base for himself. Ras 
Asrate concentrated on divisive tactics and on secret efforts to work out a “political solution” 
with various groups in the Eritrean movement. It seems he had the co-operation of Israeli and 
American military personnel in Eritrea in this Endeavour” (Tesfa Tsion Medhanie, op. cit p.41) 
 
 What does General Daniel know about this? With this background you can imagine the lives of 
so many progressive intellectuals lost unable to unmask the true nature of Issays who will 
decimate them one after another ( notably the Menkae who were opposed to the regional divide 
and rule and infighting within the Christian movement –among the Serae, Hamassein and Akle 
Guzai – once again a CIA ploy of divide and rule used by Issayas and Solomon Wolde Maryam -
Tesfa Tsion Medhanie ,op. cit. p. ). 
 You can also imagine all the energy lost in ELF’s attempt to build a united secessionist front 
with Issayas, until he was strong enough to destroy them completely, and all the Ink lost by so 
many Western writers who year after year “brandished” the Marxist, “anti-imperialsit” Issayas. 
We are not talking only of paid disinformation agents, but writers and parties who claimed to be 
Marxists of all colors. End of our note ) 
 
________________________________________________________ 
 
Various sources indicate that Information regarding the above secret agreement 
between Richard Copeland and Issayas had soon reached the ELF leadership in its 
generalities. Tesfa Tsion Medhenie ( Eritrea –Dynamics of a National Question ,p. 41-42) 
who is not aware of Tesfa Tsion’s story when he published his book in 1986, talks about 
“Isayas Afeworki’s secret talks with Ethiopia and U.S authorities in the Eritrean capital, 
Asmara in 1970 (sic)” Tesfa Tsion, in general, a very deep and critical analyst of Ethio- 
Eritrean affairs, attributes the CIA-Issayas secret agreement to the internal power struggle 
in Ethiopian politics between Ras Asrate Kassa and Prime Minister Aklilu. He attributes 
the secret negotiations to Asrat’s attempt to bring the Eritrean faction as well as Israeli and 
American support on his side, in order to wipe out the ELF. The author therefore draws the 
wrong conclusion. We have seen that the CIA had in fact avoided the presence of Ras Asrat or 
his representatives in the Government of Eritrea in the secret negotiations with Issayas. No 
wonder therefore missing that last crucial stage , he considers the 
negotiations a failure. ”The project was not implemented” he writes. And yet he himself 
shows in detail chapter by chapter , step by step, the ever growing power of the EPLF 
thanks to American military assistance, until the complete destruction of the ELF. The 
story regarding the ELF-CIA agreement had also been referred to in Africa Confidential, 

November 1970, and by the ELF, with their usual sluggishness regarding propaganda 
literature, in December 1979, when they were about to disappear, in The Eritrean News 
letter, ELF Foreign Information Center, Beirut. 
  
The Name: Selfi Natsanet of Issayas will change gradually with the development of 
alliances and counter-alliances. Following the massacres of Christians by the conservative 
Western lowland Muslim ELF leaders, and Selfi Netsanet’s escape to Ala in eastern Akle Guzai, 
Issayas seeks the alliance of the rich and powerful Uthman Salih Sabi, leader of the Muslim 
Asaorta inhabited coast of Samhar – including Massawa and Arkiko , his birth place. In the 
history of secessionist Eritrea Salih Sabi has been lauded by several writers and acquaintances as 
“the most adroit politician” (Markakis, 1985) “relentlessly energetic secretary general and roving 
ambassador of the movement.” Hagai tells us (op.cit) that Sabi’s “native language” is “Arabic” 
(Hagai op.cit p. 27) although the native language of the Asaorta is Tigre. He was married to a 
Syrian wife. 
Liberal in his outlook Sabi had often identified himself with the cause of the Christian 
highlanders against the Western conservative Muslim lowlanders’ leadership of the ELF. As the 
roving ambassador of the ELF, Sabi spent most of his time abroad at the courts of Arab Sultans 
and emirs, as well as presidents of Syria, Iraq and Lebanon. From where he collected the rich 
funding to the ELF. Sabi’s insistence that the Eritreans were Arabs and that their struggle against 
Ethiopia of Haile Selassie was part of the war on Zionism made him a welcome guest in Arab 
capitals and in the camps of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). According to Hagai 
Erlich , it was in fact in a PLO camp in Amman that he laid the foundation in November 1969 of 
a new organization, aided by the veteran Christian leader Tedla Bairu , Taha Mohammed Nur, ( 
head of ELF-PLF Rome office until very recently).etc. In June 1970, calling representatives from 
the three zones of the Anseba basin, the Christian highlands and the coast, to a conference south 
of Massawa , where a new movement – the Popular Liberation Forces (PLF) was formed, with 
Uthman at the head of its Foreign Mission. 
Sabi is held to be a Saudi-CIA agent by some observers. He was a frequent visitor of New York, 
where he received press covering of the New York Times, as well as in Washington where he 
held talks with government officials and the State Department. On one occasion Sabi’s entourage 
had explained their objective as being to liquidate one by one “those who espouse socialism and 
communism”.(Tesfatsion Medhanie, op. cit. p. 41). Bear in mind that western Muslim ELF 
leaders were not allowed to set foot in the United States! 
Issayas Selfi Natsanet continued alone. Already in 1970, Selfi Natsanet had formulated in what 
was called “Nihnan Ilamanan” (translated as “Our Objective”), certainly with some intellectual 
support, their well articulated programme differentiating themselves as Christians with an 
ancient culture that goes back to Axum and enriched by their ancient Christian religion –
Orthodox Christianity and an ancient script - the Geez. A reading of “Nihnan Ilamanan” of 
which I have read the English translation, gives the perfect picture of the proud Ethiopian, proud 

of his culture and identity. What a pity they had to later write another history of Eritrea under 
CIA dictation dissociating them completely from Ethiopia. 
Issayas and his group were now gaining notoriety as an urban guerrilla movement using 
sophisticated arms , supplied naturally by the CIA. Hagai tells us that on 14 April 1970, a few 
months after the agreement with the CIA, in a bar in down-town Asmara, Issayas and his 
associates had machine-gunned two ex-judges who had sentenced some ELF guerrillas to death. 
Again in November 1970, the Selfi Natsanet group led by Issayas, Abrham Tewolde, and 
Ermiyas Debesai , ambushed and killed the commander of the Ethiopian army in the province 
(Hagai Erlich , op. cit. p.29) 
Naturally the Issayas group will eventually be attracted into an alliance with Salih Sabi’s Popular 
Liberation Forces (PLF) with whom he shared a number of common points including that of 
being a U.S surrogate. Indeed both had nothing political but business oriented and one can 
therefore not talk of talk of political ideology but rather the absence of one. Marxism was in 
fashion in the 1960’s and 1970’s particularly following the Paris student revolt of 1968. CIA had 
therefore chosen to cover its surrogates with a Marxist cloak everywhere in the Third World, 
including we have seen Numeric of the Sudan, including as we shall see the TPLF, and even 
perhaps the EPRP. In any case from the very beginning Issayas would wear a Marxist cloak . In 
the strategy of the CIA, this helped, among others , as we have seen in the Sudan to identify the 
leftists and decimate them. Salih told Markakis frankly that Issaias’ cloak of Marxism was a fake 
ploy of cover which should not be taken seriously. (Markakis, op. cit p.286, note 57). 
 Another observer had noted that the EPLF hiding its totalitarian and repressive nature                 
( Tesfatsion , p-.68) assumed different images and colors towards different patrons : To the Arab 
financiers it appears with the Koran, and to the socialist camp with Marxist literature, while to 
the liberal West it appeared as a liberal democrat. (Tesfatsion , p.71) .  
Certainly Issayas appears brutally totalitarian and repressive. We have the famous case of the 
Menkae and other prominent EPLF leaders massacred by Issayas. Tesfatsion Medhanie writes 
that as of 1972 the Issayas group was officially represented abroad by Sabi’s Secretariat: the 
Foreign Mission.  
“There was no basis whatsoever to draw a distinction between Osman Sabbe’s political line and 
foreign relations and those of the Issayas group.” According to Hagai Erlich (struggle over 
Eritrea, p.31) following a meeting held from 3 to 12 February 1972, the PLF will unite with Selfi 
Natsanet to form the Eritrean People Liberation Forces (_EPLF) . In 1976 when the two groups 
separate , Issayas group will be named the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front using the same 
acronym EPLF. 
Professor Levine has said: “Being such a close and strong supporter of Ethiopia since World War 
II the United States has been a target for blame. Over the past four decades I have heard the 
United States being made responsible …” for, among others, the secession of Eritrea and the 
takeover of the Derg in 1974. We believe we have answered the blame regarding U.S 
responsibility in the secession of Eritrea. The next chapter will deal with the rise of the Derg. We 

will venture to make a preliminary attempt to show that the “Marxist” Derg was indeed made in 
Langley (Virginia ) Headquarters of the CIA 
 
( I dedicate this paper to the Ethiopian Hero Tesfa Mikael Giorgio , who through his 
courageous denunciation of the traitors has made an epoch making contribution to the writing 
of Ethiopian history . Tesfa Mikael Giorgio has been hunted and assassinated by the CIA dogs 
of war of the EPLF-TPLF on April 13, 1992, a year after their occupation of Addis Ababa. ) 
 
 
 
_____________Aleme Eshete____________ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Revisiting the Kagnew Station Incident 
By: Woldeyesus Ammar  
Mar 8, 2004, 09:01 PST 
In their writings to Awate.com under the title of ‘Glimpses into the Kagnew Connection’,  
Zekere Lebonna (19 Feb. 2004) and Berhane Redda (6 March 2004) referred to my posting of 2 
February 2004 which was about ‘Nhnan Elamanan’ and not about the Kagnew Station event of 
1970. Zekere Lebonna observed that people are shying away from writing about that 33-year old 
incident, and Berhane Redda encouraged people to write all what they know about the Kagnew 
event and other important occurrences during the years of struggle. Unfortunately, I am not 
coming up with any new evidence on the Kagnew Station incident, but wish to reproduce an old 
material for the benefit of those who did not read what had appeared in the Dehai discussion 
forum on 10 August 1999 about that subject. Included in my article entitled ‘Talking of Traitors 
and Treason’, was a summary of what Tesfamichael Giorgio, one of the key figures in the 
‘Kagnew Connection’, had to say about the incident before his death in 1993. Therefore, 
reproduced below is part of the said material – a summarized translation of the press interview 
with Wodi Giorgio as well as my introduction to that story in my posting to Dehai. Good 
reading.  
 
The  Kagnew Station ‘Deal’ of 1970. What was it? 
The Kagnew Station story at one time evoked serious charges of treason perpetrated against the 
armed struggle. The alleged perpetrator was none other than Essayas Afeworki, the incumbent 
President of the State of Eritrea. Whatever its merit, the story is now little known among many 
Eritreans, the majority of whom were born or brought up after the year 1970, when the incident 
took place. 
"The key figures who knew the full story were said to have included the following : 
a) Abraham Tewolde, head of the fifth ELF command in 1970 who was killed reportedly in a 
mysterious circumstance in 1971 for his alleged reluctance to secede from the ELF, and 
disagreements over the talks with the Americans and the Ethiopians. Abraham Tewolde was 
succeeded to the leadership of the group by his deputy, Essayas Afeworki. The group then took 
steps to split from the mother organization, initially calling itself "Selfi Natzinet".  
b) Habteselassie Ghebremedhin, a fighter who is said to have taken active part in organizing 
the meetings at Kagnew Station. According to a former EPLF prisoner (now residing in a 

German-speaking region of the world and who asked to remain anonymous), Habteselassie was 
latter killed [according to Berhane Redda after 1974] for having known took much about the 
meetings at Kagnew Station and the differences that emerged among the leaders of the faction . 
c) Solomon Woldemariam, a one-time chief of security for ELF/PLF-II (the name Selfi-
Natzinet acquired when it joined Osman Saleh Sabbe's ELF/PLF-I): Solomon reportedly had 
differences with the leadership in the late 1970s but was eventually taken to the field where he 
did not live long. Some people allege that he disappeared, just like that. 
d) Tesfamichael Giorgio (also known as Wodi Giorgio) escaped from ELF/PLF (Shabia, then 
composed of three factions) to the ELF (Jebha) in the mid-1970s. He was the one who first broke 
the news about the Kagnew deal in the Eritrean field. His Kagnew Station story was tape-
recorded and kept in the political office of Jebha. Wodi Giorgio always feared for his life. When 
the ELF was weakened militarily, he went to Ethiopia. In 1993, the quasi-free press in Addis 
Ababa tempted him to divulge some facts about the Kagnew story. His interview with the local 
press in Addis appeared in an Amharic newspaper called "Senay", volume 1 number 3 of 
February 1993. A short while later, Wodi Giorgio was shot dead in front of his Addis Ababa 
house. The story below is a summary of how Wodi Giorgio has been narrating the story to close 
friends until he was silenced in the hands of ‘unknown’ gunmen.  
 
The Seedlings Planting Project 
Formulators of the project were CIA functionaries stationed in Asmara in the year 1970. Their 
objective was to promote US interests in the Middle East and the Red Sea littoral . The ELF was 
seen as a threat to the interests of the United Sates, of Israel as well as the interests of their major 
ally in the region, Haile Selassie's Ethiopia. The Eritrean front was perceived as an organization 
mainly composed of Eritrean Moslems supported by nationalist and radical Arab regimes that 
were [perceived to be] somehow allied to the then Soviet Union.  
The purported threat that the ELF could pose on US interests increased when ELF activities 
obtained international publicity following regional press reports on guerrilla operations which 
included damages inflicted on the Massawa-Agordat railway at Ashi-Dira (near Keren).  
A CIA operation code-named « Seedlings Planting Project » was thus established not only for 
the immediate defense of the Kagnew Station and US installations at Gura from Jebha infiltrators 
and their potential supporters like the Palestinian Black September, but also to protect general 
long-term interests of America and its allies in the region. 

The Project stationed its experts in Asmara and first contacts were made through young officials 
frequenting places like the Golf Club and the Top Five Club in Asmara. They learned that the 
ELF was [suffering of] feuding among its forces on regional-cum-confessional basis. Head of the 
Seedlings Planting Project, Richard Copland, contacted Tesfa-Yohannes Berhe, the deputy 
Enderassie in Eritrea, and others and convinced the Ethiopian authorities about his plans of 
meeting Eritrean guerrilla fighters to discuss ‘peace and reconciliation’ with the Ethiopian 
government. 
A letter dated 15 October 1970, signed by Dejach Ghebre-Yohannes Tesfamariam, was sent 
by the Ethiopian authorities in Asmara to the fifth command of the ELF in the highland ‘peace 
talks’. An appointment was eventually fixed at Ala on 14 December 1970. Government 
representatives sent to the meeting were Dejach Ghebre-Kidane Tessema, High Court judge, 
Lt.Col. Ghebre-Egziabeher Mehari, deputy commissioner of Eritrean police, and Tesfamichael 
Giorgio, administrator of Dekamere District. 
According to Wodi Giorgio, the government delegation asked Essayas and his team to make 
peace with the government of Ethiopia. The faction leaders implied agreement and promised to 
discuss the matter with their comrades-in-arms. In the meantime, they requested arms to make 
their faction strong, and requested that the meeting be kept confidential.  
Richard Copland, who was behind the organization of the meeting at Ala, asked Wodi Giorgio to 
identify the key leaders of the group. A new plan of action was prepared at Kagnew Station in a 
meeting between Copland and a representative of Self-Natzinet, Habteselassie Ghebremedhin. 
After reporting his meeting at Kagnew to Abraham Tewolde and Essayas Afeworki, 
Habteselassie was again sent to Dekamere to meet with Wodi Giorgio so that both of them could 
prepare a meeting between the CIA team and a key representative of Selfi-Natzinet. A meeting 
was fixed in the field at which Richard Copland and Richard Sewellyn came with a catalogue on 
variety of American arms. The CIA representatives insisted that a formal request be made for 
American arms. A letter, addressed to Col. Mamuzer, commander of the Kagnew Station, was 
prepared by Essayas Afeworki. The salient points in the [letter by Essayas] were : 
1- That the fighters at Ala, who were Christians subjected to constant persecution and murder by 
Jebha, which was supported by the Arabs who were channelling Soviet arms to Eritrea,  
2- That the policies of Jebha reflected the policies of the Arabs and were primarily inimical to 
Israel and the USA,  
3- That the faction (Selfi-Natzinet) was conducting a democratic struggle.  
The Americans laid down concrete plans. Funds started flowing to promote the Seedlings 
Planting Project. When preparations were completed, Tesfamichael Giorgio went from 

Dekamere to Ala to bring Essayas Afeworki to Kagnew Station for substantive talks. He drove 
him from Ala to Asmara in a Land-Rover and took him for tour around Asmara. They arrived on 
appointed time at Kagnew Station. However, the CIA functionaries suggested that, for security 
reasons, the meeting take place at the residence of the Intelligence Officer, Bowling, situated 
near the St. Francisco Cathedral. 
At the meeting, Essayas raised points similar to those stated in the letter he addressed to Col. 
Mamuzer. Copland positively nodded to all statements made by Essayas and urged that the group 
(Selfi-Natzinet) should make its utmost to defend American interests. During the meeting, 
Essayas repeatedly reminded his American interlocutors that Selfi-Natzinet was not yet fully 
equipped and well manned to successful ward off aggressive Jebha onslaughts at Kagnew Station 
or the Gura installations and requested for increased support with arms and funds. 
Copland opined that the Haile Selassie regime may be replaced by a military regime, and that his 
government was ready to make deals with any force that can defend the Kagnew Station and 
support installations of other facilities in the Red Sea region. The CIA representative promised 
substantial quantities of arms to Selfi-Natzinet if the group could succeed to control parts of the 
sea coast.  
Another important issue Copland repeatedly dwelt on was the formation of commando units 
composed of Selfi-Natzinet and the Ethiopian government in order to fight the threat posed by 
Jebha and its supporters in the region. This idea was raised by the Ethiopian delegation in earlier 
talks and Essayas had agreed to it. When asked guarantees for the pledges made to Selfi-
Natzinet, Copland quipped : ‘Mutual interests are the sole guarantees to each side’. 
At the end of the meeting, the negotiators went to Kagnew for dinner. Essayas and Wodi Giorgio 
spent the night at Copland's residence. The next day, Essayas and Wodi Giorgio were taken out 
of Kagnew Station in a Cadillac car driven by Copland himself, with curtains drawn, and flying 
the US flag.  
 
 
 
 

q—›mkoñ Šmk K›²k pUኽ 
K} Šmk K} §H§a …mk F—Dï K} ‹‘éXsï 
—}eUmkq oK} ‰êFŠq‰êM I}sï (¢L{ lX¥) 
(Šmk 1§ ‹\mk 4§) K‘ª†p}) 
 
…DM o]Ë (rY}r Š|ª)!  
K³kïq-L𥛥 2004 
 
pUኽ }‹}ÏFº ©… †MkX }‹ÊEF¢| ‹}¹cKDê ¢mkF|}:  
´}’‰ Šmk IFÏ pUኽ oLAðX| }›KÃö† ‰§}—b ‰}]olBF §´l†; 
 
†rM kÄmk—oñ ›chÿÃT KVIoñ ‘é©ölq „ï| ›mkDê} ኮVኹYM} Šmk ]\pq} 
[l–pq} …qGïዞM mkÃêIÍq} ‰M„ê‘é} mk|§ H^q ÓYÔ³}ª} }]F¸~M 
‹mkDê }B›kï „íXqV mkA§L~q §‰ê} mk–Díq ›ÊED§È ²D} KXIoñ A²X 
ኮ§~M ²D} …mk ›oÍFD¥ ‘é©ölq ÍI „ïD÷M sD‘é I®ð ‘é} †}oኮ{ 
{}I©öI¬M ‹K|»oë} ‹ÃEDKé} †}os§OE§~M †oñ …mk F—Dï B›kï 
›ÏÃöMÈ sD‘é …a‹—EF{q …mk ´Mq ‰¢†o‘é {oñ …{gU ›OE{ pUOEM 
mk²éFkémk LôE }‰§¹cMDê I›kï {chñGê ‹dD^M §´l†; 
 
Šmksï ›iÃöF ÃöGêÏ mkÏX§ ›kD Šmk [é\qp …qGïsê ‹\mk sD|¨ ´›¥q 
›oÊÃK} ›ÏÃM sD÷} s§‰èX— pU‹ KUI{pq †£; KUI{q ÊDMoñ 
[‘éV „íXqV Šmk K]‰SM 1961 ‹\mk 1970 –-K-Ê ›{kT: ©öIU„ê‘é} …ŠEgñ 
‘§ oŠ†oñ ›MlDíprM ›og]†Dê: {oñ ›‰§©ö ›{kS A²Vgñ} |Ãö{p‘é} 
HX{p‘é} dF[ï: |mk ›oÍED¢ A§L~pgñ} oel‘é} ckïE‘é} ©öGêX 
LIkVgñ ›}lDípq} …mk ©öGêX p‰òEpq ‰M ›…oë ]D ›²kXÈ: …mk 
{}I©öI¬M …mk K}μ K\Ï}oñ c§I lIX} (•ê]L} \FI \k}) K\Ï}oñ 
lXŠ} [}Gïq} (†©öU] …©M} - †©öU] •ê]L} ´E‘é©ö¨]}) ›E–F |BU ¹Xsï 
I|{ó K} –mkDD mkXoë— ‘é©ö©öVgñ dF]pq Šmk 1965 ‹\mk 1970 
–-K-Ê. ©öGU M‹¥©ö: H© {oñ H© }‹—mkFF ‹cÿÄÃX} ]D s§oŠ…D: …mk 
ÔDoñŠgñ} ‘pA©V‘é} –iM} –§{q} M¸{ó ›oLšs{ ]D ›o…q‘}: …mk Lôª 

„íXqV |§ odh‘N mk—Egñ ‹‘é}{q ]D ›oV³²Ã: (•ê]L} \FI \k) …}ÄX 
‘é\{ópq g—E —pV mk²él„í …¬mkH ›ÏD¹ }]²éMqp e¥©F –L mkMegM: 
{rM …mk ]Dê] H©ö{q c}ªï og]†oñ ›{kT o³©Foñ …mk Lôª „íXqV} 
[éª}} ›{kT mkM‹\mk: …mk ˜L} X†[ï ‰oL |§ ±Xª} …M{F –L mk›mkF 
]¥K {mk[é mkM]¥M: {oñ 1970 –-K-Ê. MÏFE£ [‘éV „íXqV A}©[; 
 
…mk Lôª „íXqV ›o³B© M}ÃöÄEq …mk KmkšIq„ê …Sª©ö… „íXqV‘é¥} 
§‰ê{ê ‘éĆopq: …mk K}μ †]EM} ‹X]q¥}}: …mk K}μ ©cñ ‰k\} ©cñ 
fE} ›OE{ …M[ïD÷M ›²FÃöÈ chÿÃöYM ‘éGê©ö …§OE{}: gE‘é} mk‰M„ê 
‹²FÃöÈ †}oÊq{ê Hc K´DÃï …§{kS} …§OE{}‘é}; M‹}¥oë †oñ 
pU‹‘é} ‹‘é}{pgñ Hcñ …§{kS}: †oñ c}ªï IMSq |§oñ ´X¿pq …mk 
K}μ ©cñ MmkVdhgñ fEpq} M—Vlgñ fEpq}: LDq …mk K}μ (•ê]L} \FI 
\k}) …mk K}μ („ï©öU] …©M}) ¿ÏVprM} †£ ›oŠ¢©; …mk K}μ †oeM 
‹Fo H¥E} ©Xlgñ KkfD÷M K\Ï}oñ ©Xlgñ nr‡M }„ê\} mkX°g: {oñ 
´X¿pq ‘é—§} ›GêF} ÔDoñŠgñ} μ}Ä‘é} dF]pq ©cñ ‰k\ ‰M K\XI} 
cªNq ´ª¥q} ‰M ›{kT ´} ››}³— pUŠgñ ‹‘é}{q …§OE{};…mk Lôª 
„íXqV} E—Dg§ l§r KUI{oë} ›Š¢©ö ›{kS ´X¿pq: Šmk ©cñ M—Vlgñ} 
©cñ MmkVdhgñ} fEpq [²ïT: …mk K}μ ©cñ M—Vlgñ fEpq ´X¿pq 
I©öIªgñ o|Š‰[; [‘éV „íXqV …mk ‰kï©ö MÏ}½Eq ©öL kÃöGí; e¥©F –
L …lEq KUI{q ‹q…]X M] −KSq: }²D ªïN‹V[陋é¥} l†ppq 
‘é} |§ dF[ï ÔDoñŠgñ K©öSOEM ‰oÃmkmk} ‹qcqF} …mk ›−KSqDê 
†g|q: †oñ mk•ê]L} \FI \k ›MVI ›{kS: …mk Lôª ‘pA©Vgñ HX{pgñ 
‹}Ì: …}ÄX ]²ÿMqpq e§©F –L |§ odh‘éM„ê K´DÃï mkM‘é\©ö: ²Dï„ê 
}[éª} ²Dï„ê ‰… }]•êªï –Smk} }¢K} ›oSÊ ©öL …mk Lôª …mkoñ oKªïké 
›[XHDê ›{kS oel H‰ïDê ©öIU M—Ãö|I: oÊF£ dF[é ‹iÃöF ]D ›‘[{: 
…mk K–]‰X —_V (¢K}) ›o…Š‰ké (76) o³©Foñ lIU [}·ïjM }©}‰F 
…o‘é; cªL§ g—E‡M (mk13 L›¥ 1970 –-K-Ê.) …mk ]©öJ –óE mkM‹¥©ö: 
KÑé–ð ]NM B›lgñ H§Fpq HX}q „íXqV ‰M ›OE{}: HKéao …lEq 
KUI{q LDq 1) KHK©ö –Dï •êLY. 2) KHK©ö •êKX –mk©E. 3) –Dï 

KHK©ö •ê]L}. 4) K]Ë} Hμ]. 5) KHU ©k\§. OEp ‹Fo ©cñ ‰k\} 
[D]o ©cñ MmkVdh‘é} M—Vlgñ} fEpq Kss;  
…}ÄX cªL§ K´š†q} ‘éa¸gñ M©öIXHX c¥©F –L ‰M ›dD[} }•ê]L} 
\FI \k} ‘F©ö…mk ‘F©LU¥M} ‰M ‘{}q} ‘‰Fq} s§OE{ê]: 
‰MK\XIoñ ‰M ›ochkD÷M mk‘´–ð …Ãö©ch} …‘−}; 
 
†sï H§Dï †sï Šmk MÏFE§ „ïDê ›†Mq ‹\mksï ©S® kÃïIÈ sD÷: mk•ê]L} 
\FG \k s©öD¨ (ͧ|}\gñ} D÷®ð]oñŠgñ}) cSlq †£ ›M‘F ›{kS; 
 
]Dsï †sï H§Dï †sï ‘éÃö„ïq |§oñ …mk E—Dg§ l§r ›oŠ¢© ´X¿pq 
dF]pq}: …mk K}μ ©cñ MmkVdh‘é¥}} M—Vl‘é¥}} fEpq †£ ›{kS; 
μ©ö{ð }μ©ö{ð †sï …mk Lôª „íXqV ›‰§©ö ›{kS M—lDípq: }©cñ ‰k\ †‘é} 
ÃD‘; †rM …mk …‰D²éš§ ›{kT ‘éGêªq ©cñ ‰k\: mk…mkXAM o‘F© 
›MXGê †‘é} …mk ›{kXÈ np H‰Dê: mk23 ‘XGï …Xl—o 1970 –-K-Ê. ‰M 
…lF e¥ªF –L „ï\¥] …Ê‘Xcñ oH‘^M; 
 
„ï\¥] †oñ …mk Lôª „íXqV ›Š¢©ö ›{kS |§ MÏFE§ ‰è{pq š²ïq …mk 
[éª} …mk ›{kSDê ÊDï¹È ]D ›{kS: mk‘²{ê †‘é} }©cñ ‰k\ ›‘é‹F H§Dï 
‹Ê¹X ok²[: M]rM 11 o³©Foñ …mk …mk …‰D²éš§ ›{kT mkMÃö}lX 
(}I|} —EL|}) qmkF L{ðÊ]r mkMÃöHÏ: {oñ l—Dê ([FÌ |Ãö{q) „ïDê 
›[¢N ²é°D }M—l§: M] …chªïNM KLBXoë} Kp–mk§oë} ›{kT: …mk 
…]KV …ªï] …kl „í‘éYÄ [Lô} …KUŠ} mk©mkªkòpq ‹V‰mk} }©cñ ‰k\ 
›‘é‹F K]cEgñ ‘é©mk …}ÄX −A©ö ‘é©ömk §}d\i] ‰M sD÷ …ÏD·; …mk 
‘éa·ï …ªï] …kl £}kzX[ïo ¹I` ›]L ÔDoñŠgñ ‘é©ömk }[FÌ |Ãö{q 
†q©ö´Ï †‘é} ‰M †qM]Sq ²kS; †oñ …chªïKé mkÃöN| }[‘éV „íXqV 
‰è{pq M´ML•ê ›ŠpoF ›{kS: Aç A§D]E[ò }L†‰E§ ]DE MXkmk 
…KUŠ ([ï …§ „í§ ) {oñ oÊ·ïT ›{kS ‰è{pq mkMM›L›: }[‘éV „íXqV} 
B›l} Šmk HX{pgñ M}e]dh] }MmkŠDê: H©öa ÔDoñŠgñ ‘é¹} [EM mkM]…}: 
š²ïq Šmk 1969 –-K-Ê. ‹[XHDê o|¸·Ê: mk17 ¹eMoñ 1969 –-K-Ê. 
mk©´¥q ²mkS¨‘éA}] o]ÍLX¥M †qMVI aL´D …chªïKé: }K−MX¥ ´sò 
mk©mkªkò M] …mkXAM o‘F© oV‰kq: …mkXAM o‘F©} ²ÿ°F„ê} 

©öF‘é}rM ]D ›²FÃö: }‹Fo ´sò pI\] —Dq 7} —Dq 14} 1969 –-K-Ê. 
…mk –E ošo£; 
 
…mksï so ›o\oË |§ ‹Foñ‡M ‘²|q mk‘²} „ïq¨ÃÂö¥: 
 
1) ©´¥q ²mkS¨‘éA}] o]ÍLX¥M 
2) ©´¥q ²mkS‰ïª} o[L 
3) ´V›Lu o\ÍLðŠ„íF ±X± 
4) Dí/OES{óF ²mkS›²ï…kïAôX KHS|: 
 
mk‘²} o³©Foñ 
 
1) …mkXAM o‘F© 
2) Amko]E[ò ²mkSK©öB©ö} 
3) ‘F©LðŠ„íF A§D 
4) o‘éF© „ï¨mk 
5) [DKé} ‘F©LU¥M 
6) …]KYM ²mkS›´…kïGíX 
7) kX‰ï }²é[ 
8) A§D −mkA 
9) o]ͧ §qlS‹ {kT; 
 
…mksï ‹Fo ›oŠ¢© X‹lq „ï\¥] …Ê‘Xcñ …mk [éª} ]D ›{kS mk…ŠF 
…§o\rÐ} ©öIU 23 L𥛥 1970 –-K-Ê. |mksï ²ÿ°D MÃö}lT ´} —Egñ 
K›{q e¥©F –L ]D ›{kY {oñ ›Š¢©ö X‹lq l—Dê ‰Š§¬ ‘[{; 
 …mk K}μ †p aL´D „ïq¨ÃÂö¥} …mk K}μ F•êF …]Vo Š\} |§ — 
EL ÏFF¥q ]D ›o³B©} —‘éq ]D s§{kS} {oñ ²ÿª§ mk©S® F•êF …]Vo 
Š\} L†‰E§ ]D¥ KXkmk …KUŠ} ‰M ›qH› Š{; 
 
…KUŠ‘é¥} M]oñ …mk L†‰E§ MmkVi ›‰§©ö ›{kS ‰è|q: …mk K}μ 
„ï]V„íF} …—Vmk} o-H-„í M] ²©öDï ÏF]·L‘é¥} X‹mk ]D›{kY} ‰M†‘é} 
(mkE‹ [ÓoMkX) mk›mkF ]M ›}c\ch] ›{kS ʪ„ï} …mkoñ …mk „íXqV ›{kS 
qŠEq …KUŠ …mk ´Mq mkM†p‘é}: koñ H© _}‹ ‰… …mk cX{ð …ÏUd} –
DM} ›Š¢©ö ›{kS ›GêF ‰è|q …mk K}μ M—Vl‘é¥}} ImkSq ^kzòq} ŠF…§ 

_{‹ …mk ´Mq mkM†p‘é mk–kï„ê …mk „íXqV ›{kYM ‘oA©V‘é} ÔDoñŠ‘é} 
M¸{ó Amkpgñ} ]qV®ðŠ‘é} SlHpq ‘éI]{q }‹BFÈ }MX´³Ãö }[‘éV 
„íXqV Šmk K\XGï …—Vmk} IchÿÐ †]EL‘é{q} …|²ïÏŠ }SmkI‡M 
›´F²FDê …Ï©²} M—lDí} mk³Bªï ]D ›²M²MÈ {sï ²ÿ°D ©cñ ‰k\} 
‹X]q¥|gñ ›†M{oë }K\UI‡M }‹i§XÈ o¶¢£; ©öY …mkoñ ‹Fo X‹lq 
…lF ]DE KXkmk …KUŠ ›{kS ´V›Lu o]ÍLðŠ„íF ±X± ‘Sª …LHªU 
©cMHS ›{kS †‰êF ÃmkÄlq} HmkWpq} AðmkÈM ]D ›{kT }chÄDï …kXoñ•ê 
‹[XHDê KMXGïpq} HkWpq} AmkÈ; 
o]ÍLðŠ„íF ±X± M] Amko]E[ò ²mkSM©öB} Ãömki ›M©ö|pq ©öIU 
MM]Voë} Amko]E[ò ²mkSK©öB} |mk …ªï] …kl} Lôª} …mk ›}c\ch[Dê ›{kS 
›oÍED¢ ©²Êpq mkMAmk ©³Ì‡M ‰M ›OE{ ]D ›…K}È |mkoñ ²ÿ°D –E 
‹[F‰è} oF†OE„ê ‹qX²ÿM} òM …§OE~}; o]ÍLðŠ„íF ²mkSK©öB} 
}K−MU¥ ´sò mkK}μ{q o]ÍLðŠ„íF ±X± mk24 ´}nq 1970 –-K-Ê. 
}„ï\¥]} {p ²ÿ°D} ‘‰ïDê …]KV …q£ M] …lF L†‰E§ ]DE KXkmk 
…KUŠ ›{kS (XphX©ö OEÓE}©ö) oV‰k cÃïDê‘é} mk—Dq 11 ]{ 1970 –-K-
Ê. M] …lEq ]DE KXkmk …KUŠ |§ W©ö¨ LU|¨ k–F Ksï ›{kS M] 
UphX©ö ]gF]} UphX©ö OEÓE}©ö …mk ©cMHS oV‰k; Amko]E[ò ²mkSK©öB} 
c}ªï cDkòq KX‰kï ([ï …§ „í§) ²ÿ°D –E} Šmk K銍ú} HDïË X‹lq ‹[X—
} (mk [ï  …§ „í§) ‹I²sê ‹Ãö—X −KS; mk‘²} aLM}oñ ([ï …§ „í§) 
}Amko]E[ò ²mkSK©öB} mksêI ´Mq …¢}kXDê} M‹}¥oë ‘é´–gñ HFÏ{q ]D 
s§{kY †£; ]Dsï M] HEÏ{oë …lF e¥©F –L „ï\¥] …Ê‘Xcñ ‰V‹nM 
HoqÈ; mk—Dq 2 HMD 1970 –-K-Ê. „ï\¥] …Ê‘Xcñ M] o]ÍLðŠ„íF 
±X± |mk …]KV mkM†p‘é …mk (\} ÏV}oh]ኮ) ‰lkï (…FÍ YK¨) M] 
Lð]oX n‘éDï}´ Aô{U}: XphX©ö OEÓE}©ö}: Að‘é UphX©ö ‘F]} ›lADê …lEq 
([ï …§ „í§) oV‰k; …mkoñ X‹lq …mksï ›]—mk K\LM–ð {¹mkpq kÃöGê; 
 
1) {oñ H§Dï ‹X]q¥} ©cñ ‰k\ }‹²ÿmk› s©öF¨ D÷®ðŠgñ cSlq Šmk ([ï …§ 
„í§) ‹M‘F; 
2) †sï H§Dï †sï } o-H-„í ‹d‘M} ‰Ãö}q} ‹Ãö—q; 
3) …}ÄX «]{q} ÃöF‘é„ê} ‰¹Ï† ‹dD]; 

4) Šmk IchÿÌ} H²›} …—Vmk} MmkVdhgñ («\gñ –DM) ‹XIi ‰M sDÈ; 
 
mk‘²} „ï\¥] …Ê‘Xcñ BÃêÃö ·Dmk …ÃögX KŠE‰Dï {mk]| ¢©öF¢| ]D sD÷ 
‹gAk| …DÈ cªM{q ›mkF ·Dmk ]D ›{kY mk‰K§ K}²ªï …mk ›HÃS ´sò 
‰M qS‹ké ‹}²mkX „ï| ›mkF KF[ï ogAðkéÈ }—E„ê oKD[; „ï\¥] }–E 
M] oKD[ mk—Dï Šmk o-H-„í ‹}ÏD …D÷| kD: …mkXAM o‘F© ©öL mk‰kï©ö 
odh‘K: ©öIU H© ‘XGï …mk K}μ ‹Dïoñ‡M ‹q— mk—Dq 17 ´}nq 1970 
–-K-Ê. …mkXAM o‘éF© mkA}©kpgñ s§oÊD· |§ HÃïX ]–pq ILM 
No; 
 
(§‰ê} †MkX oL\\E§ pU‹ ›q}q~ †M{q} ©öDíq} …mkXAM o‘F© 
c©öL§ M]p mk„ïq¨ÃÂö¥ qF…‹ ›{kXq ²ÿ°D X‹lq ‹cüSÃö ŠF…§ {oñ 
…K}μ †o} ²ÿ°Dqp ›{kS s§MX©ö©ö† mk²él„í KF‹— KÏqGï ‹X‰kDê 
›mkF X†§r M] „ï\¥] ]D s³X»ÈM {gñI ‰§Ã{Gí mkKXsï ochoñDê ›mkAF 
Ãö}Ãö}p §]L—); 
 
[FÌ {Ä{q mk´] ‰§kD Šmk KÄ‘ªï¥pq ([ï …§ „í§) ‰MF¹ …§Š…D}; 
[FÌ {Ä{q …mkEoë Šmk 15 s§k›Gê ]D ›{kT {oeM ‘éGêªq o³©Foñ 
©öA¨M }MÏE¹ kmk´sï„ê ›E…‰ê ‰§oKF[é §oXË ]D ›{kT cÿÃöYM L–
Fpgñ §‘é[‹ {kS; Šmk KH‰Dï nr‡M k–qpq –E HªiμM mk—Dq 15 
IªX 1970 –-K-Ê. }©}ŠF¥ ²Ãö [²ÿKé; mk29 IªX 1970 –-K-Ê. …mk 
(…¬mkH) [Lô} ©}ŠF¥ mk•ê]L} \FI \k} mk„ï\¥] …Ê‘Xe} ›MXH 
²ÿ°Dpq oV‰l; …mk ‹Fo K]Sp‘é¥} YdhGïpq …mk K}μ B›lgñ 
H§Fpq HX{q „íXqV} …mk K}μ [FÌ {Ä{q} |§ HlX …V…†¥ 
]D ›oSª©ö„ê ©öL mkHlX ‹[XGê ‘[{ê; 
 
†o} SchüGïpq ‰Msï ›]—l †¢}; 
1) …}ÄX K´š†q} e¥©F –L} MeE]; 
2) Šmk o-H-„í MÏ}½F} KoŠ†p ‘é©ömk MM]Vq}; 
 

mk24 {A[ 1971 –-K-Ê. …mk o‹Dï HkVgñ …‰òl …d{ð˜M |§ HlX ÔDoñŠgñ 
‘é\{ópq ÃöGêÏ …‘éÃö„ê; …]LrM ©öL (B›lgñ H§Fpq HX{q „íXqV 
cªL§ ‘²}} B›lgñ H§Fpq HX{q ŠF…§ ‘²} LDq [FÌ {Ä{q} 
olAðD÷M ‹Ãö‘é•ê} |§ HlX ‘é©ölgñ ‹pM KVGï ]F¸} B›lgñ H§Fpq 
HX{q „íXqV olAðDê ‹¹L— ‘[{ê; 
 
mk…}ÄX †sï ²ÿ—oe MÏ}½F …mk ‘éa·ï o-H-„í …mk K}μ ©cñ lXŠ} ³a} 
[oñq} ´X¿pq §lEI ]D ›{kS K[Soë Šmk ckïEpq (mk}–MX) ›ÊFÊE 
…}ÄX E—Dg§ l§r e¥©F –L …}Ïpq M—mkF| [‘éV „ïXqV mkMÃöl† 
‰M …}ÄX –Smk} †]EM|} ‰M ›OE{ê ‰M ©N‹V[陋é¥} KoŠ†p 
}{mk^M} M}e]dh^M} mkM‘é\©ö} mkM¹Li} B-H-H-„í K©lgñ KF‹•ê} 
BE‘„ê} –cñké ‹©ö}Ï— …mk ›o–smkDê ‘ioñ {sï M}e]dh] ‰M |rM ©³Ì 
H§F} ‘éÃö„ïq sŠ¢©öÈ dF[ï MŠ{ê }MX´³Ãö} }M‹\mk} mk´}nq 1971 –-
K-Ê. …mk Tl •êkF …‰òl mkM‹¥©ö ]NM (B›lgñ H§Fpq •êkE‘é¥}) olAðDê 
‹Ãög—} 13 ›…lEp KUI{q mkMMš› …}ÄX e¥©F –L MŠú~M mkM´EÃö 
…‘®ì; 
 
…mk [ò{ 1971 –-K-Ê. {sï [D]oñ„ê H§Fpq …}ÄX e¥©F –L …mk (†MlAV) 
}]MSq sdVXnM …‰òl mkM‹¥©ö HkVgñ K´DÃï …‘éÃö„ê; †oñ mkg—E K–
]‰X –‘o ›ÏD¹ Šmk 26 ¢Šoñq ‹\mk 13 K³kïq 1971 –-K-Ê. ›odh}–ó 
…‰òl o-H-„í {oñ …mk Lôª „íXqV o‰[ïoë sD÷ MÏ}½Eq …KF‰ïoë A²Vgñ 
²ÿl„í }ŠŠ¢©ö …]|ª„ïq aL´D} {oñ |§ MÏ}½Eq ²ÿª§ †qMXMX} 
odVXmk} aL´D mk¬‹rX ÏÃêM ²mkS]E[ò} „ïmkVAðM KHK©ö –Dï} o]ͧ 
o‹F›´} ŠF‡q …lEq |§p OELoõ s§{kT „ïmkVAðM ²©M (…ké H¢q) 
…L}„íF ²mkS[é] †‘é} ‰M A²Vgñ ´ké‡M mkM‘é\©ö ÖXDê; mkMF„ê †oñ 
oÊ}¼Dê ›{kS }chªL§ A²Vgñ ²ÿl„í o-H-„í o\oñË Ã²Loë} òM ‘é©ölq} 
‹ÊqI o–ªïKé ‹{[é ‰§o\oÊ} ‰§KÃ} oSÊ; 
 
 
 

 §iÃöF......... (2§ ‹ÍF 28.03.04) 
(K„SMp …mk cªL§ ÃöGêÏ ŠF…§ ²Ãö o]ÍLð‹„íF ²mkSK©öB} ›mkF Amko]E[ò 
²mkSK©öB }‹qŠ†) 
 
cªL§ A²Vgñ ²ÿl„í Šmk ¹eMoñ ‹\mk IªX 1971 …mk …‘éV® \IF oŠ¢©; 
cªL§ A²Vgñ ²ÿl„í mkeXÃï A²Vgñ mkqI›q„ê ©N‹V]¥gñ K©mk —¨ ‘é©ömk} 
mk©N‹V[ï¥gñ …²lmk ›oKXà |§ HlX KUI{q †Šú †}oKSà c}ªï nppq 
‘é©ölgñ ]F¸} koñ IFÏ ¢L|gñ ‹}Ì ]D ›olHo …mk ²ÿmk„í„ê sÃö©j 
‘é\{ópq ‘é} ‹[XHDê …§‰…D}; }…mk{q Šmk ‘é\{ópoë …mk ÔDoñŠgñ K©mk —
¨„ê ‰Msï §mkF: }ŠF…gñ ´X¿pq mkK²ªïñ so MÏpI ›mkF {§T; H©öa 
KUI{q o-H-„í [‘éVgñ l§r ‘éGêªq [‘éV‘é¥} ©N‹V[陋é¥}} LX‹\gñ 
l†pq †Šú †}o{kXg K[Sq pIqÈq HÍa ]D s§{kY …©öL–𠆧{kS}; 
 
…mk ¹U 1972 –-K-Ê. B-H-H-„í c©öL§ ‘²} B-H-H-„í ŠE§ ‘²} H-H-„í 
•êkE‘é¥} ›·KS K]Voñ g—E …mk K}μ [D]q„ê ²ÿ°Dpq …M|F –L …mk 
k§Tq (Dïl~]) oŠ¢©: mkHlX ‹[XH} |§ HlX ‘Ä„ï ²ÿª¥q F„ꋍ |o} 
•ê]L} \FI \k MŠú{ê mk‘´–ð M]o{ÃS: o-H-„í [‘éVgñ l§r ‰M 
oÊ}»Foñ ÃS [‘éV mkM‰è|}: {oñ …mk ²ÿl„í„ê sÃö©j ‘é\{ó mkM¹H] 
mk¢Šoñq 1972 –-K-Ê. {oñ mk•ê]L} –®ðmk …mk ‰lkï k–F o‹SSq ›{kS H-
H-„í •êkE‘é¥} mk‘qA©Vgñ H§Dï »ÏDchr: cÃïE {oñ mk„êké [Dmk ›MVH 
…mk ‰lkï k–F K}[éV ›{kV ³}pq H-H-„í •êkE‘é¥} †‘é} osk¸: ‰è|q 
I©öI©ö mk‘´–ð Šmksï ‘éioñ †sï mko-H-„í [‘éVgñ l§r …mk F—Dï 
„íXqV‘é¥} ²ÿ°Dpq oKS; 
 
cÃïE …mk K³kï 1972 –-K-Ê. }B-H-H-„í cªL§ ‘é´† …mk –ð} ‹¿ÏFdh 
Êo{q: B-H-H-„í ŠF…§ ‘²} †‘é} oÃ}kY: Šmksï †g} †sï LðT ]DE {Ä{q 
…mk –§{ð [‘éVgñ l§r Šmk •êkE‘é¥}} [MAV‘é¥}} s§ÏD MŠú{ê ²M²MÈ 
}M¹Ð‡M †‘é} mksêI ‰è|q o²kSDê; …mk ‰è|q ²S´X [éª},–
§Dq,´Bomk,²X´X ]KV,ÍI,cmkX‘é…q ‘-s-o. mk…FLM }‰èD÷M LDq 
}[D]oñ‡M ²ÿ°Dpq ‹AXMÈM} ‰Ãö}qÈM} KT; [D]q„ê ²ÿ°Dpq |§ 
HlX ÃE„ï ]D s¹S¢ …mk KKXp 1973 …‰òl ´Bomk mkM‹¥©ö ÏFF¥rM 

|mk ›Ãkk ©S® ›kÃöHDê ²kT: …mk 1974 –-K-Ê. ©öL H}oñ ‘é©ömk LFq 
B-H-H-„í ‰è{q; 
 
†oeM ‘éIªêq okDÃöoñ ‹\mk I®ð ‘é} }B›kï „íXqV …aŠ—EF ›Ä‘qDê 
sD‘é }H§Dï ²ÿFkq [‘éV „íXqV }‘éFdgñ ÔDoñŠgñ SmkHprM }Mi¥X} 
H©ö{q I›kï „íXqV }MFIEI} ‰M c}ªï —LNM ]D ›ooHH›È …mk 
[‘éV „íXqV …mk {I©öI©ö M}ÃöÄ´ s§MÃö‘égX s§M‹mklX s§Mq†ML} 
{oñ |§ ÔDoñŠgñ ]F¸} K} –mkDD ‘é©ö©öVq ‰M |§ ©cñ ‰k\} fEpq} 
´X¿pq …M[ïFŠ M´EÃö} MeE]} o³B©; ©öIU 1975 –-K-Ê. •ê]L} 
\FI \k s§‘é}| B-HH-„í †©öU] …©M s§‘é}| o-H-„í ‹Fo ›oL¸·{ 
H§Dï sD‘} A²V‘é¥} ‘é©ölq BEgõ oV³²Ã;  mk…}ÄT ]X–q A§D]E[ò 
‘ªïchë „ïq¨ÃÂö¥ mk‘qA©V‘é¥} M‰è{|q …}Êp |k§ MŠú{ê s§qÏD¹ A²X 
‰è{q; 
 
‰è|q I©öI©ö †‘é} …mk ²D ²D nppq ‰mk\ ‹Š¢©ö M] oV†¢ B›kï 
„íXqV H©ö{q} ]MSq} ‹Foñ„ê ‘é©ölq ‹S³²Ãö ·Dk} ©Í…Dê}: {sï ©öDíq 
B›kï ›o²}ské ¢L|‘é¥} BEgñ‡M }MX´³Ãö …mk liª©ö (–ðVi) 1/8/1975 –-
K-Ê. …mk K}μ •ê]L} \FI \k} …mk K}μ ‘‰Foñ ÊÄLðq aL´D o-H-„í 
]‘éVgñ l§r} X‹lq oŠ¢©; 
 
cÃïD÷M mk12/8/1975 …mk k§Tq (Dïl~]) X‹lq oŠ¢© …mk K»S` ©öL 
1/9/1975 –-K-Ê. …mk ŠXoëM ([éª}) mkMXŠmk |§ K»S` }]MSq ]MM— 
‹‘é]{ê oVª©ö„ê •ê]L} \FI \k }KUI{q B-H-H-„í ‘‰ïDê †£ ››oñ ›{kS: 
KUI{q B-H-H-„í ´} {oñ mk•ê]L} \FI \k ›Š¢©ö ›{kS X‹lq 
…§ochkFÈ} M‹}¥oë? 
1) KUI{q B-H-H-„í mk©N‹V[ï¥gñ …²lmk oKUÃê ›Kà KUI{q ]D s§{kS 
…mkoñ ›´kX |§ ]MSq} MqI}ÍÃö} K©öS‹ KÃö„ï ÔDoñŠgñ ]F¸{ê mk}ÃêX 
‹S…¨ ]D s§Š…D:  
2) …mk ‘éa·ï ‘é©ömk B-H-H-„í ²ó| …mk K]XI ›{kT ›oÍED£ ÔDoñŠgñ 
›}lDípq} ´X¿pq} M©öL§} ]D›{kT: 

3) KUI{q B-H-H-„í …chªïNM ›ÊÃMÈM ²k|q …mk ‘ioñ MDê† ]MSq 
‰IqrM MŠú{ê ]D›ÊF·ê:  
4) mk–kï„ê †oñ ‘é©ömk K\XGï ([ï …§ „í§) ]D ›{kS} }o-H-„í ‰M –mkEDï 
|§ –Smk ÃöFg sDÈ ‘é©ömk ²óT }M—Vl‘é¥} –DM ¢S¬‡M ]D ›{kS; 
 
{sï }MX´³Ãö KUKUI{q B-H-H-„í …mk ÏÃêM ]MSq} MqI}ÍÃö [Vgñq 
‹Foñ„ê ‘é©ölq †}o oÊ·ïT ÔDoñŠgñ ]F¸{ê …mk H©³ ‰M ›dE— ]D 
›ÊD· M] o-H-„í |§ K]KX ÏFF¥q ]D sD| KkDï„ê ‹²FÃö †}‰D÷ 
‘é©ömk B-H-H-„í ‰M LX‹\gñ (óLgñ): ‘é©ömk o-H-„í ©öL ‰M A²Vgñ 
mkX°ggñ (¢L|gñ) mkMŠú{ê mkM´EÃö }|§ HlX ÃE„ï }MBVM mkK²ªï ]KéX 
´}lX M]VI †oñ †}OE sgÃö†} …LVÃö} K}²ªï ]MSq MŠú{ê §²FÃö {§T: 
†sï …kABE †sï ÏÃêM H^q mk¿ké¹ …mk Lôª „íXqV ›{kS oK‹Y …§‰{}; 
 
‹Foñ„ê ‘é©ölq IDêÏ ¢L|gñ ‹}Ïpq ›{kS …mk ‹Foñ„ê ‘é©ölq †‘é} 
Mq†qp‘é …†ª‘é |§ ‘Ä„ï A²Vq ›{nY} …mk ‘éa·ê mkA§L~q mkGíVq 
ckïEpq …‘éV®pq †}ªoªK¢} †}ªo– lDD} ›‰§©ö ›{kS }iD÷ dF[é 
‰M„ê ›IMSoë †£; …mk ‘éa·ï ‹Foñ„ê ‘é©ölq óLgñ ]‘éV‘é¥}} 
©N‹V[ï¥gñ¥}} [éX {cE‘é¥}} ›MlDípq ›{kYM o³©Foñ ‰M›{mkT 
s¸V¹X ²ÿª§ …§OE{}: ÔDoñŠgñ …}Êq †oñ ‘é©ölq ‰d|}— s‹†F ÔDoñŠgñ 
]F¸}} –iMpq} ´} }H}oñ ŠF„ïp‘é} q…‹F ‘{ð~M …ÊF·ê} †¨M; 
 
†oñ ¢L|gñ} ›D–D ÔDoñŠgñ K©öS‹ »kï·ê ›KXI ›{kS …mk ‘éa·ï †sï 
‹Foñ„ê ‘é©ölq M]·ïVgñ ÔDoñŠgñ [FÏpq K]Uoë ÔDoñŠgñ ]F¸{ê …mk 
KÄ„ïq „íXqV }‰V³´Ãö ›dD] ›{kS KUI{pq ‰M ›{kS ‘é} sŠq— 
pU‹ …§OE{}; †sï |§ ÔDoñŠgñ ]F¸} Ir †sï ‰M KchÃFp I©öI©ö 
‰è|q •ê]L} \FI \k} †©öU] …©M} ª´K …mk K}μ „ï\¥] …Ê‘Xe} –
mk©E „ï©öU]} Šmk 1975 ‹\mk 1981 –-K-Ê. oŠ¢©; ‰M KchÃFp …‰òl 
[Lô|gñ lIU B-H-H-„í: KUI{q }[éª} mkM†p‘é Šmk —Dq 18 ‹\mk 23 
K³kïq 1976 –-K-Ê. M] •ê]L} \FI \k mkMXŠmk sDÈM ›M©ö|pq 
X‹lq} ‰M †ochüSÃ ©öIU M†g° }Lôª oKD[é; †oñ mk„ï\¥] ›MVI 

H§Dï B›lgñ ´}lX HX{q „íXqV olAD †oñ mk•ê]L} \FI \k ›MVI ©öL 
†oñ |§ KKXp ]Ké B›lgñ H§Fpq HX{q „íXqV B-H-H-„í {kS; 
 
²ÿª§ ]MSq B›lgñ ©öÏ„ïq} Ãi¹} ]D ›{kS: B›kï „íXqV B›lgñq aL´D 
]MSq mkM‘éŠF }‹Foñ„ê ‘é©ölq …mk Lôª „íXqV ‰dVXmk} ‹›q} ok²[: 
B›lgñq aL´D ]MSq mk28 K³kïq 1976 –-K-Ê. …mk KchXŠ mk5 [{ 1976 
–-K-Ê. …mk –ªï ²mkV§: mk31 HMD 1976 –-K-Ê. …mk –ªï ÊD] 1 ¹eMoñ 
1976 –-K-Ê. …mk –E cÃïDê …mk –_V: ©Vkéa} ©}©}} …mk KMXp 1977 
–-K-Ê. …Š¢©q; 
 
©öÏ„ïq} Ãi¹} B›lgñ aL´D ]MSq „íXqV }MUI{pq o-H-„í} B-´-H-„í 
oÃö—~ ]D ›²kXDê: Šmk 6-16 K³kïq 1977 –-K-Ê. …mk ŠXoëM ([éª}): 
cÃïDê Šmk 22 ‹\mk ‰lkï K»X` ‘éXGï L𥛥 1977 –-K-Ê. …mk H³›: 
Šmk 23-25 [{ 1977 –-K-Ê. …mk A‘é_q ©öIU M›p£ mk20 ¹eMoñ 1977 –-
K-Ê. …mk ‰S} oX‰ïnM |§ HlX aL´D Kss; 
›²XM {²X †}oAF£ …mk ›k›I {¹mkpq o\LLð˜M ‹}^M …mk KÑé–ð 
]M |§oñ ›oŠ¢© ]MM—: o-H-„í K©öSŠgñ FÏ}oñ „ï| †}[M¨ ‹qmkF 
†}‰E B-´-H-„í ©öL ]KéX ´}lX „ï| †}mkD÷ mkMlF }KÍED¤ o·chMDê; 
]DM}p§? KUI{q B-´-H-„í ]MSq mkK[XI ]KéX ´}lX ‹mkF †}‰D÷ 
MUI{q o-H-„í |§ ]qVo®ðŠgñ A²Xgñ {Ä{q ÏFF§ ]D s§mkF| MDê† 
]MSq ‹}²mkX M‹}¥oë ›oÊED¢ ÔDoñŠgñ K²©öpq …©öE¤ …§OE{} §mkDê 
]D {mkT: o³©Foñ B-´-H-„í M] •ê]L} \FI \k ©ö… †}p§ ÊEF£| ›mkF 
Ir ‰F—Dê ]D ›OE{ê mk›mkF M]M] …mk KÑé–ð ]M }‰§\LM•ê 
o]LLð˜M šsKé; 
 
mk‘²} o-H-„í †‘é} †}oOE{ K²ªï ]MSq mkK]XI ]KéX ´}lX F‹— 
‰Moñ …mk K}μ (`}³ _‹} Lg Ãoë´}) s³·K oK‹Y ‰è|q I©öI©ö ©öIU 
cªL§ ´X¿q MÏpI| |mk„ê …}Êq ‹‘é¹·| o‹†D÷pq ]D sDÈ 
eÃökpgñ MqI}ÍÃö ‹´kX …DÈ ›mkF ÔDoñŠgñ ²ÿ]¶\q ‹q—} …F–ðD÷M 
§}d\ch[é ]D ›{kT: ª´M …mkoñ KUI{q B-´-H-„í …F–ðDê ›Šp–Dê ›{kS 
]MSq mkK²ªï ]KéX ´}lX ›mkF ‹X—Ké ]D s§KSÃ} š²ïq M]oñ [‘éV 

…mk ]©q B-H-H/o-H-„í „ïDê …gñ®ì ›{kS •ê]L} \EI \k ‰M \F\§ B²Xgñ 
‘é©ömk ]D ›ochkFÈ} …chªïNM |§ ]MSq ]MM— so M]„ê sq¨M ]D 
›{kT …mk ÔDoñŠgñ KÄ‘ªï¥ KUI{q B-´-H-„í ‹…q‘é s§XmkJM 
‰è§{ê ]D ›oV†¨M †¨M; 
 
K]XI ]MSqñ †|chÃD †}‰D÷ ]‘éV „íXqV }dhTV,|iÍ,…Ï–
kq,‰S},©cMHS,…chÿX©q,o[{§,–Dï ´©öX,²ÿF°,„êMHX,–Sš,K}©ÊV,²ïª—
,{Í[ïq,L§ HlX,©}μD€} ÏXcñ ‘©mk MÃög— ochüÄÃïT }]X–q ©X²ï 
chÿ}chÿF …Ë ‹o‹D÷ …mk odhVUkéDê ›{kS †g|q: ‹Fq„ê ‘é©ölq …mk |§ 
´sò K–©Lð ÔDoñŠgñ [ELgñ so ÔDoñŠgñ KÄ‘ªï¥ MmkVdhgñ ©Mk ›–©N 
…q£ _}OEDF †}ªkD †}‰D÷: ]X– q ©X²ï ª´M H§Dê ‘ªïké mkH²› 
ImkSq ^mkz¢q} ŠF‡q A²Vq …mk LIkX{pgñ ©}k soŠÊE} [{ 1978 –-K-
Ê. ÃS K¹d—oñ mkM‘é\©ö †oñ ‰êDê ‰oLpq HV ›{kS …mk qIoñ MDê† 
MchÿÃöÄT …mk s†o‘Dê †g|q: [‘éV „íXqV K—fkï ›OE~ ©|q …M 
M}ª§ }²L´M [éª} ‹Ãö³— o²©©: ÔDoñŠgñ kòq ÃöIÊq B-´-H-„í Šmk HV 
‰oLpq mk]X–q ©X²ï o©öÌ„ê [‘éV „íXqV …mk ÏÃêM M‹FŠF M†p‘é 
mk…‘}p ²M²K; 
 
²M³Ké ‹²FÃö ‰D÷ M] BEgõ o-H-„í K} Šmk Lôª ‘à MqBFE‹ …mk ª´K 
H_‘é¢ ‰è|q I©öI©ö M] q…q‘ {§T: I®ð ´} {oñ …mk K}μ| oUË| sD÷ 
—¨pq ‹}‘é´}} ‹}[XHDê} 66 ÃE„ï —©öF Ê·ïTF| …D÷: mkMlF ‰Msï 
›iÃöF [Lð|Vq }o³©FoñB-´-H-„í …Š¢©; ]X–q ©X²ï MDê† …dhFmk„ê }B-
´-H-„í M©öM\] ]D ›{kS mklIU mkKX\ o‹E§} KX\ ²ÿFmkmk} mkM†p‘é 
}c¸} ‰M„ê‘é} }ch}ªï K©kX p—DïM B-´-H-„í ›{kSq L§ BNq 
mkMcÿÃöÄX {oñ c}ªï K]KX Mμ––sï B-´-H-„í Šmk dTV [éª} ›{kS –Ãö£ 
ochüÄÃY; 
 
B-´-H-„í mkμSX„ê ]D ›oH}c} c}ªï ©{ê …mk ´Y§r:ÍI-L§»‘é: kïFdhq-
sïY:©mk–q: ›{kS ‹ÏFpq …Ï ÏXcñ 180c ‰kl ÃE„ï ]D ›…o‘ mkÏE§ ©öL 
†oñ L†‰E§ I‹M| ‘é©ömk B-´-H-„í …mk ]¹X cÃö …mk K}μ ©mk–q} 
kïFdhq} M] …›¨M mksêHq ‘é²é…q ›{kXg ‹ÏDï koñ ÃF„ï mk…ϳ}}, 

c¸}} ›Mà [Vgñq K´š†oñ ‹AXM cDïF ]D ›OE{ KUI{q B-´-H-„í }…mk 
©mk–q p–chÿnM ›{kT [ïkzïEgñ B›kï |mk [·X cÃö ›{kS ‹ÏDï I‹M|} 
‘é´…q} }…mk sòY ›{kT qIo —©öK BÄ|q oLAY kòq qMBXoñ [‘éV …mk 
kïFdhq ›{kS ‹ÏDï chÿ·l} K©kX p—DïM qIo —©öK (Ìo‘éVU) |mk L§ 
»‘é ›{kS |§ MTŠq „ï© ]VHq}: L†‰E§ MXKV HDg [‘éV: |mk 
ÍI ›{kS mk–kï„ê kòq ÃöIÊq KUI{q ‘é©ömk B-´-H-„í ‹ÏDï sò|} ‹ÏDï —
cl mkSq}...‘so: ‹´—›} Šmk ‰kl ‰‘éÃö‡ ´©ö{pgñ ]D ›{kS: †oñ †}OE 
…LVÃï} K²©ö} ©öL ©} …lEq o-H-„í ›}c\ch]Dê npq M—Vlgñ \IF ]D 
›{kS KUI{q B-´-H-„í }KUI{q o-H-„í ©-{ê |mk„ê ‰†oë Hor; 
 
mk‘²} o-H-„í ›ogBk KF[ï †}o{§T …mk ‰lkï cmkX‘é…q,Ia‹mk,–
MkXkSq,Tlpq ‹‘é‹} c§I},Tl [X[X},§‹…F †£: Šmk„ê }E—Dï ´} 
‘pA©Vgñ M–]‰Vq| ]D ›OE{ …óL𠋉‘é} †£ ›mkF {kS;KUI{q B-´-
H-„í {sï ›oÊch©Dê nppq ‹ÏFpoë …]²ïT M] rdhÄÃS; M] —mk¢q 
‹ÏFpoë} mk›Gï [ké} K]KX dTV mkM—Ä‘é: {oñ …mk qIoñ chÿÃöÃöT ›{kS 
—chÿmk B›kï qIo —©öK BÄ|q ‘é²é…q …mksï ´}lVgñ ©} ‹IoeM …óM} 
s¥‹F} ]D ›{kS: {sï s§—·êi †‰êmk ›{kS B›kï }–¢q, FA}oñ ¬mk [éª} 
‰IFÏ ª´K Hoo; 
 
…§Š…F} †£ ›mkF KF[ï M]ogAn: …mk HKéao K–Fpq oX´…gñ 
‘pA©Vgñ ]XGïpq mkM‹¥©ö} mkMDê„ê cmkX-‘é…q:Ia‹mk:–
MkXkX:HDïkq:²S´X: …]KV:–V´:´F— Ä—ª ÃEM:Að‘éF— :–¢q: mkMcÿÃöÄX 
©} B-´-H-„í ‰M ›‰‘é} ²kY: {rM oLAY} •êchëlq ]}‰êEq} o³©Foñ ©öL 
}FA}oñ …†oÈM Šmksï †g} †sï LðT KUI{q B-´-H-„í …}ÄX o-H-„í Šmkoñ 
…chªïKé sŠ§¬ ›{kS mkÃö•êi ]{ …†NVgñ MIÄmk μ]¶\q ‰Š§©ö KS; μ©ö{ð 
μ©ö{ð †sï ‘éa¸gñ μ]¶\q ‰M KchÃFp ‘é—F 20 ¹eMoñ 1977 –-K-Ê. …mk 
1979 –-K-Ê. HlVgñq ÔDoñŠgñq OELðoõ ‹Foñ„ê ‘é©ölq …mk [Lô{gñ \IF 
²S´X …]KV ‹[XI mkHlX …mk ‘pA©Vgñ }¹Êpq †Šú †}oKS: 
KUI{q B›lgñ ´}lX ´} }KUI{q o-H-„í K\{‹Eq §Ï¹T ‰MsD÷ ²óYM 
…}ÄX o-H-„í mk[Lð|Vq μ]¶] ‰Š§ªê KT; 
 

…mk M»S` ar„ê …mk ©öÍ— [Lô|gñ MmkVi \IF M] [Vgñq B-´-H-„í 
…[ïV ›{kSq mkX²ó©ö HDïmk [o mkD§oñ ÃFLq oμFkil HlU ‰§Aq| 
…›Dïdh: ÃE„ï mk„ê„ê …q£ }[Vgñq| mkM¹d— A]£F| mkMlF {oñ …mk ‰lkï 
–V´:´F— ÃEM Ä—ª: ´Bomk: –ðpY: |Bl§: ´–q: l©ö}: μn A²X:a}‰êDq:–
VXmk:kSÏ.....‘so. H‰ïDê ›{kS [Vgñq o-H-„í. M©öM\]] MDê† ©} …mk 
qIoñ I›lgñ ´}lX ‰M ›‰‘é} OE{; mkMDê„ê [Vgñq o-H-„í \IF ²ªïË 
…mk lXŠ ‰M ›…oë OE{ \IF …mk MDê† McÿÃöÄX B›lgñ ´}lX} ]X–q 
©X´} OE{q; †oñ ›{kS òLq mkMDê„ê }KUI{q B-´-H-„í o]‹N 
…§OE{}: }²š† X†\ …mk ‘éa·ï ‘é©ömk o-H-„í †‘é} ªX³ ›oLF„í 
‘éa¸gñ X´…q {oñ |§ H©ö{q ›©Ï† Ir …§{kS}; M‹}¥oë …mk ‘éa·ï 
…}ÄX KUI{q o-H-„í |§ K\Ï}oñ M}e]dh] {§T †£; 
 
]–ð©ö Gê[}: LIKé©ö ªï|§: KHK©ö k_ðX: KHK©ö [ï—©ö: •êKX KHK©ö: 
•êKX [ék}: [– mkrM}....‘so ŠF‡q sF‘éÈM} …mk ‘éa·ï o-H-„í †}‰D‘é 
…mk liª©ö (–ðVi) …g®q mkM›X³I o{ÃïD÷M |rM ‘é©ömk mkMϸX mk13 
´}nq 1978 –K-Ê. Šmk ¢K} }©}ŠF¥ ‹…q‘é †}‰D‘é M] [Vgñq o-H-„í 
‰è|q I©öI©ö ‰Êoë; 
 
†sï K]Ï|gñ ²ÿ°D †sï c}ªï {oñ ›Š¢©ö ›{kS ]MSq} A²Xgñ H©ö{q}: 
[‘éV „íXqV [ÌI HV nppq ‰§dª¬ ›Äl† ²ÿ°D {kS: {›} 
ŠF†} …mk ‘éa·ï o-H-„í ›{kS A¶Í mk´ké† KUI{q B-´-H-„í †}ª 
Ks~ §‰§©ö ]D›}kS cÃïD÷M {oñ ©ö‰êM ‘é©ölgñ [}[Dq o-H-„í …mk 
K}μ KUI{q} Š©öSpq} K[Spq} o³©Fq} ›{kS ]ªï ¹X|Î 
ªïN‹V]¥gñ L†‰F{q …Ãkïchë }‹M—mkF ´sò mkMAmk: ÃE„ï LDq ]X–q 
©X²ï †]q}Í] ‹\mk ›Bn Mohë† ‰è{pq §Ãök¢Dê {§T †MkX }o-H-„ 
}‹©öM]] …chªïKé e©öLð ‰M ‘é©ömk MŠú{ê ›H}ÃÅ ‘é¹} (]qVo®ðñ) 
†£:: 
 
 
 

§iÃöF......... (3§ ‹ÍF 28.03.04) 
]X–q ©X²ï Šmk [{ 1978 –-K-Ê. ‹\mk HMD 1979 –-K-Ê. HKéao 
oŠppDï ‘VVq …Š¢© ©öIU MXmkVmk [Vgñq B-´-H-„í mk2 pI\] 1979 –-
K-Ê. ÃS M¹d—oñ …mk ´}lVq |iÍ: Tl KVq: mkM}¸Ï Šmk …‹V|q 
|iÍ} ‰lkï…} ÃU²é …mk IDêMIDêLq ‰lkï …Ï–kq mk…}ÄT ©öL mkμE²ÿF 
~Y ‘Uªê …mk _KX …©ö´} ‰M ›–X©ö M] ²kY: H§Dï ‘pA©Xgñ Lðš} B-
´-H-„í} ]X–q ©X´} …mk ®F{q ]D ›…o‘: ]X–q ©X²ï {sï |§ ®F{q 
K©öS‹ }‹i§Y }chÄDï M¹d—oñ ‹{¸·Ï ´sò ‰Ms©öF¨ ›²M²K KUI{q 
B-´-H-„í }‘é©ömk o-H-„í M] (B›lgñ HX{q ‘¥{ q´V§) mkMqI´³› Šmk 
qX„ïq Lôª „íXqV }MÃöV´ ‘qA©Xgñ ]qVo®ð mk28 {A[ 1980 –-K-Ê. 
mkMI}ÄÃö −KY; KUI{q B-´-H-„í {sï —LM †sï ‰[E]D÷ †{‰D÷ …chªïKé} 
©öGïT} ›·KrM |§ ‘éa¹} ‘Ć} YchüGïpq ›©Ï†g} ›ImkImkg} 
†]qVo®ðŠgñ —ELpq} SmkHpq} {§YM †¨M; 
 
}\rM ©öL: cªL§! ‘éa¸gñ †]qVo®ðŠgñ YchüGïpq!  
1) E—Dg§ KUI{q B-´-H-„í ÔDoñŠgñ ]F¸{ê mk¿ké¹ ›dÃÅ} ›gª©Y} 
s§mkDê ›V³²ÃDê BNq MϸX; 
2) {rM …chªïNM ‹i}ÃöFÈ E—F} pIq} ›mkDê ›{kT …lEq KUI{q 
o-H-„í }Mi}ÄF Šmk K…ªï dF[ï M}ÄF} Gï{ MϪ§; 
3) Lôª „íXqV mkB-´-H-„í ‰M ›mkHq ¹VI }M´lX; 
4) o-H-„í M] ÊS[q {oñ M]… o[DïË ›³©F ›{kS o³ªE§ ‰[ïmkŠ |mk 
B-´-H-„í ‰M ›]DÏ M´lX} ²ÿFkpgñ} [mk…‘é} –iLð }M]\}; 
5) …mk qIoñ g}{q o-H-„í ›{kS …mk ‘éa·ï Lôª cgM} o}c\dh]} 
}mkSq …mk qIoñ I›lgñ ´}lX ‰M ›…oë }M´lX; 
6) …mk oIoñ MchÿÃöÄX o-H-„í ›{kS ]qVo®ðŠgñ nppq} B›mk} 
}McÿÃöÄX; 
7) }chÄDï ›]DÏ sò³ ŠF† ‘é©ömk ]D s¢D Êq£ ÃDï„ê |mk B›lgñ ´}lX 
‹]DÏ ‰M ›‘éI› M´lX} ]{H\mk‘é} ´mkV‘é} MX½pq †M}r 
sò³pq MÃölmk; 

8) |§ H© ‘éFc [mk} H© ‘é©ömk} ŠF† Kgª©öXoñ s§mkDê ÔDoñŠgñ ‘éXÄ 
†}ª A}ÃöŠ M²ÿ–›; 
 
ŠF…§! |§ ‘Ä„ï †]qVo®ðŠgñ YdhGïpq! 
 
1) }M—Vl‘é¥} ‹ÏD–DM †]ELgñ –mkEF{q s§mkDê ¢L|gñ ‹}Ì |§ ‘Ä„ï 
ÔDoñŠgñ BEgõ |§oñ oel ‰M †ochüÄÃS }MX´³Ãö H³›{q mks§ ²D —
chülpq} ‰Ms§‘éI› MM\F}; 
2) …mkoñ ›Š¢©ö ›{kS ›GêF ‰è|q …mk K}μ M—Vl‘é¥}} MmkVdh‘é¥}} 
©}kqp mkHÊ` …mk …ÏU d} cX{ð …ÏUd} mkÏE§ B›lgñ ´}lX ‹ÃDê} 
‹g\†} MŠú{ê ‘éI]{q mkM†p‘é; 
 
3) {oñ …chªïK} …mk [mk–pq M—Vl‘é¥} HÃö¢}‡ ›{kV ÔDoñŠgñ K–Epq 
§q´kX ‰M sD÷ }M}ÄX; 
 
4) mkMDê„ê }[‘éV „íXqV ›F²] ›{kS |§ ‘Ä„ï H²› }‹Foñ„ê ‘é©ölq 
§McF ]D›{kS }B›lgñ ´}lX ¹VI }MlHq; 
 
5) †}OE} H¥F} ‘oA©V‘é} ÔDoñŠ‘é} BEgõ …mk Lôª „íXqV }[é ¹VI 
MŠú{ê }MX´³Ãö; 
 
6) …mk ªïÓD÷L[ï¥gñ |§ [EM so }¹Êpq oÄVX} ›oÊD¢ X†§r sDÈ 
‘é©ömk ‰Ms¢D} ‘ª„ï ²ÿª§ „íXqV }[é ¹VI MŠú{ê }MX…§} M]Hmk}; 
 
7) F‹— ‰Moñ }H© [‘éV ›©M[[: }]V–q ©X²ï †‘é} ‹©öM]^ Šmk KF† 
„íXqV ‰‘éÃö‡ ‰M ›‹†F }LIkS [mk –DM }MMFŠq; 
 
 ©öIU o-H-„í Šmk Lôª „íXqV M‘éÄ…: E—Dg§ KUI{q B›lgñ ´}lX …mk 
©öY `©ö`§ ‘SV mkK}²ªï ^LF} c§I lIX} s§o…©{ D÷®ð]qŠgñ cSlq 
‹S‹mk −KS: …lEq ÔDoñŠgñ kòq ÃöIÊq ‘é} }M—Vmk –DM †}ªošg‘T 
ªïÓD÷L[ï¥gñ }¹Êppq ‰Š§©ö −KS; E—D‘é§ KUI{q B›lgñ ´}lX 
„íXqV …mksï ‰§oHÃS }–k§oñ Š©öSpq ‘pA©Vgñ }KVIoñ o-H-„í …mk 
o—chÿnMDê ›{kT ]´S ¬lgñ A²Vq †}ª ªB[[ coD: ‹chqD÷M s§…ŠD ©öL 
Šmk …mk ‰lkï‡M ›{mkTDê B›kï ‹}ÃöD÷M Êo{; 
 

M] M—Vl‘é¥} mkM]ML— †‘é} •êil †}ªogBké Šmk „íXqV} ‰lkï…} 
XGïjM ›{mkTDê} dF^M ›HÃöSDê} l§ppq Ê·S; …mk ‘éa·ï o-H-„í 
mk›oÍED¢ ©X® ]D¥ KXkloë mkM›X³I …mk MMidhD÷M †‘é} –kï †®M 
o¸F–ó; 
 
…mksï ‰§o}o{ ‹IDÏ s§mkDê: †rM mkAð‘q s¢D‘é} ²D} A²X ›KXGê sD‘é 
²D ‰… …mk †oÍED¥ ‘é©ölq †|OEmkDDê ‹\mk I®ð }‘éFc SlI‡M ‹mkDê 
mk]M A§L~q} ‘²}} }‹ae·ê: ›ÊÃMÈ |§ e}ÃE ²k}: …mk F—Dï 
‹X]p¥} ›‘S©ö ›{kS e}ÃE: mk‰ÌF }M¹d] ›…‹F: …mk 1966/1967 
KMBX ‘Fª§ ŠI\§} [–mkoë} Šmk Lôª ²D} mkch¹p ²F} mk¢K} …kïD÷M 
}„ïq¨ÃÂö¥ „ï¬M mkMAmk …mk ›AmkÈ M]‹X{q mksêHq ©cñ ‰k\ ‹X]q¥} 
‰M †oHXªê M]‹X{rM mk³sò¸} mkS©ö¨} ‰M ›Aké ››‰X †£; ‰M„ê‘é} 
o³©Foñ ‰ïª{ ‹ÏD}: ‘Fª§ ´©§}: {oñ ›{kS A§L~pgñ} ÔDoñŠgñ} 
eF‘éE‘é} ÏFF¥q} }MM¥¹ {rM …mk ‰[E ›{kT KUI{q e¥©F –L 
}MXŠmk }‰[E …mk ›‰©öDê †g} …mk„ê och}ÃDïM oSË: Šmk …ªï] …kl 
›‘Hsê K|†[§ mk]M ]S¢q-…ªï] ›ÏD·ê †‘é} ´Ï–gñ eqDq …mk F—Dï‡M 
‰M †oÊÃK ©NM ‰†gñ §{mkX †D÷; 
 
…mk F—Dï −³{ê o³©Foñ ©cñ A²X †‘é} {oñ s§e{ê— …\[VXH KUI{q ]D 
›odh‘Ké ÍDêF ›mkF ]M …·LðjM @-@é kF ÍDêE§ k-ké kF ÍDêE§ 
†|olBDê: ²D} …©ª Nq ²D} …LVÃï ]„ï~M |mk B-´-H-„í }‹—cÿké 
†}o‰ªê …mk |§ lÃö— ‘é´† mkM†p‘é o[‘é„ê: ²D} |mk „ïq¨ÃÂï¥ mkM]EM: 
›oSË ©öL ÍI ¿}´VI …oÈM; †sï mkK}ÃöX K}Š— ‹¹Kq ‰D÷ ÏFF£ 
mksêI …§‰{}; 
 
‰M„ê ‘é} ¬‹rX ÏÃêM}: KF…‰ o‹D}: mk²Ï–ð ‰M †och}ÃDê M›ŠX; 
mk¿mk·ï …cpqF‡M s§oÊD· ©cñ A²X ‰M k–F ‘F©ªgñq oK]²}: ]–ð©ö 
\FI: …mkXA ³Xš: ‘soSÊ †‘é} ‹›‰X §´l†; 
 
mk…}ÄT †oñ I®ð …mk „íXqV …mk ]F¸} sD÷ ]X–q ‘é©ömk …mk ›K[SqDê 
†g}: }I|} —EL|} †qmkF KÃöGíq ‰M |§ ‹X]p¥} HE¤ oK[ïDê 
}‘éFc SmkH„ê }‹mkF ‰MrM ‹F‡q …mk ›oÍÏF¥ ‘é©ölq ›ae·ê ›{kT: 

}[é ‘é} }B›kï ‰k\ }‹‰]mk ‹mkF: {p …mk E—Dï o·chñ\ sE KÃöGíq 
sX´Gí; OE§{ê ´} †sï mk‘éFc KE‰ï ›MVI ‘é©ömk s›oÍEED¢ …]Lq 
†}ª …·Kch }…mk{q K}Š— ¢Lð},…‘éV®‘é¥},[D§oñ |§ [ï …§ „í§,[D§oñ 
|§ „ïq¨ÃÂö¥,]D§oñ |§ –L, †|kD L†D¥ s§mkD÷M ‹X]q¥} c}ÃD; 
  
mkoª³³Lð …]LrM …mk mksêI ÃöGêÍq ‰M ›‘à ‹}›‹X §´l† OE§{ê ´} 
pUኽ mkHcñ M©ö´³M …§ÃE†}; 
²D ²D ŠmkrM mk´Ï–ð ›och}ÃDê …]LrM }M¹d] ›‹F; 
1) ©Amk o]ÍÃö¨}      KÄDê    …/²ÿš§. 
2) ¢‘éA}] ]mkAoë      ²ÿV—   …/²ÿš§. 
3) o‘éF© „ï¨mk     [\I    …/²ÿš§. 
4) Ké[ò o]ÍLðŠ„íF          –ªï Ϗñ—   …/²ÿš§. 
5) Amkp]E[ò ²/K©öB}     HDïn    …/²ÿš§. 
6) X†^M sX…§      †}ª©f     …/²ÿš§. 
7) ²ÿ§r‡M kXAô (mkħ)    –ªï Š}p    …/²ÿš§. 
8) o]Ë ‰ïª{      …‰èTX    …/²ÿš§. 
9) Amko ‰ïª{ (²ÿUE)     L—Sl    …/²ÿš§. 
10) …mkXAM ²/†¢[é]     [²{§oñ    …/²ÿš§. 
11) Ä‘éD÷] o]Í›²ï     …ÊFl    …/²ÿš§ 
12) Amko (–}oX)     L§ ‘§{ð   …/²ÿš§. 
13) o©öY] o\ÏLðŠ„íF    HX¦}    …/²ÿš§. 
14) o‹FLX¥M c_ð o/LX¥M   ‰è–oñq    …/²ÿš§. 
15) KMBX …DM     ²ÿV—    …/²ÿš§. 
16) KMBX …X…¥     ²ÿ©§oñ    …/²ÿš§ 
17) ‘ªï ¿TM      …ÊFl    …/²ÿš§ 
18) ´XL§ kBS      •ê| ÊX˜}   …/²ÿš§. 
19) …LS q‰è† MV¿    ©ö´\    …/²ÿš§. 
20) …X…¥ [KS      L§ [V‘é   …/²ÿš§. 
21) •êil…mk ]£M     –ªï j}Ãï   …/²éš§. 
22) A§D H}^      [\I    …/²éš§. 

23) „ï\¥] o/mkXA}    …‰èTX    …/²ÿš§. 
24) ²mkSK©öB} †}©öX¥]   …‘éB{    …/²ÿš§. 
25) o]ÍLX¥M Ïp‘é   OEXlX¥    …/²ÿš§. 
26) sX†›²ï     HE§/©ö´\    …/²ÿš§. 
27) ¨|] o]ÍLðŠ„íF    –ªï Ï{ð—    …/²ÿš§ 
28) o]ÍF©q     kVchñq    …/²ÿš§. 
29) ¨[òÏ o‘éF©mkXA}   †}²E    …/²ÿš§. 
30) M]²é} ¨[òÏ        …/²ÿš§. 
31) Hμ] LðŠ„íF    »–D÷ Aª©öM   …/²ÿš§. 
32) Hμ] …mkXA     Gín     …/²ÿš§. 
33) A§Eq ‘F©LðŠ„íF   HE§    …/²ÿš§. 
34) „ï\¥] •ê|     –}¬M    …/²ÿš§. 
35) ÏS›²ï –ªï     Š}p     …/²ÿš§. 
36) KéDêmkXA}     ©X–     …/²ÿš§. 
37) A§D o‘F©     …M@éX    …/²ÿš§. 
38) ‘F©Dïl~]     –ªï {mkU    …/²ÿš§. 
39) KHU ‰ïª{     AªKé ©cMHS   …/²ÿš§. 
40) o–²] o]Í›²ï    –ªï cSÃö/…©ö´|   …/²ÿš§. 
41) ²mkS]E[ò ‹ÏDLX¥M   –ªï {mkU    …/²ÿš§. 
42) ‰ïª{      –ªï …k§r    HL[ò} 
43) ²mkSLðŠ„íF     ‘©Xl—o    HL[ò} 
44) …Ê‘éXcñ o‹Dê    –/o‰Dš}    HM[ò}. 
45) ¢L{ (K‹[ïOE)    –ªï aL´D   HL[ò}. 
46) –‘q ŠI\§     ‹lkï …]KV   HL[ò}. 
47) ùY] ‹I\§        HL[ò}. 
 
 
 
 

§iÃöF! (4§} K»S`} ‹ÍF) 
 
48) [DN} ‘F©LU¥M       HL[ò} 
49 o‹F…mk LðŠ„íF     [HXoñ    HL[ò}. 
50) Kμ] …mkXA     –ªï }…M}    HL[ò}. 
51) –}©mkXA} ]£M    –©X–ª    HL[ò}. 
52) sX…§      kòq ²ï¨X´]   …]KV. 
53) LðŠ„íF ‘ªï –c§p§   IMmkXoñ    HL[ò}. 
54) …DM …mkXA     –ªï šMX    HL[ò}. 
55) pXc §I©²ÿ    IMmmkXoñ    HL[ò}. 
56) ·–K      –ªï ²mkV§   HL[ò}. 
57) Hμ] }²ÿ[     š´X     HL[ò}. 
58) …mkXA          HL[ò}. 
59) KIU ´XLÃí}    †Ml©XC    HL[ò}. 
60) ‘ªï sX„í     kòq MŠ†    HL[ò}. 
61) K[ïI X†^M    –ªï c©ö{q    [V¦. 
62) ©k\§ ²mkS]E[ò        [V¦. 
63) ²/…ME‹ „ï]i        [V¦. 
64) †]oñÍ~]         [V¦. 
65) KMBX o‹D        [V¦. 
66) K}´]q…mk ¥W©ö    –ªï ŠúE    [X¦. 
67) …kVa KF‰    ‰S}     [}Gïq. 
68) ùY] ¨‘éA}]    ‰S}     [}Gïq. 
69) KIK©ö –Dï (‹D§)   lÃö—     [MAX. 
70) „ïmkVAðM –Í    lÃö—     [MAX. 
71) KHK©ö AðEF        ©}‰F 
72) ¬‹rX „ï¨mk ²mkSF„êF 
73) ¬‹rX X†^M 
74) ¬‹rX mk†M{q 
75) ¬‹rX LðŠ„íF 

76) …L}„íF c_ð 
77) kXAô K[ïI 
78) o‹E§ ²/†¢[é] 
79) M‰ï„íF kS‰q…mk 
80) ²mkX…ME‹ §\i 
81) o‹FLX¥M S`§ª 
82) KMBX ó§ ‘ªï V†[ï 
83) Ké[ò ‰ïª{ 
84) KmkVBrM ‘©l μª} 
85) Ï]Aq ‰ïª{ 
86) †]oñÍ~] 
87) …l \Ké„ï„F 
88) A§D −mkA 
89) o]ÍLðŠ„íF sX„ê 
90) A§D]E[ò kV‰ï 
91) o‰ï„í kXAô ‘§ A§D 
 
mk1977 …mk ‰oL ‰S} g| ÃHÌ B-´-H-„í …mk ›²kY K©S„ê X†§r‡M 
›²DÃê} |§ KUI{q pU‹ §ÊF·ê †¨M olAðD÷M mk·X·V o‘[ï¬M 
›oS_{ê; 
 
92) o‘F© k§} 
93) ‘F©LX¥M o]Í›²ï 
94) †Ml¢ ²mkT 
95) mkXA{ H©ö²é 
96) KF…‰ kV‰ï 
97) ²mkUI‘q ‹}Ê 
98) ²mkSÄ©öi ²ïE„ê 
99) KHK©ö •êKX 
100) •êilLð‹„íF 
101) {³a ]mkAoë 

102) •êKX k‰ï©ö 
103) H©ö²é L| 
104) Lð†oñ HDdh š§©ö   –ªï ŠúE   [V¢. 
105) —»q Gï| 
106) Ïqgñ o]Í›²ï 
 
†oeM …mk E—Dï …]LrM o·chñ[é mk´Ï–ð ›och}ÃDê [L†pq ©cñ A²X 
Šk¢|§ …‘éV® MŠ~M }ÃêX HkWp ]Ds§oS‰k †£ …]LrM ¹VI 
o·chñ[é; 
 
©öIU A²X MIVX Šmk ›oÍED¥ ‘é©ölq {lVq −³{ê HXkpq} o³©Fq}: 
‰M„ê ‘é} …mk B-´-H-„í —©öLô‡M MDê† ›odhD[é: †N …mk MIVX A²X –kï 
†®M skX‰oë −³{ê HXkpq} o³©Fq}: ŠF‡q }ÃêAq ©cñ A²X}: ²F} 
mkKioFoñ ²D} mkL†[Xoñ: ‰M †o\ch£} §\ch£ ‰MsD‘é} …XGïchë ‹¹Mq 
†}os§©F£ }L}M ]‘éX …§OE{}; …]ÏGïŠ MÃöHÏ Mo²k„í {§T: {²X 
´} pU‹ ©öIU MIVX A²X {mk[é ›‰…D K©öX‹ ]D ›OE{: }ÃHÏoñ pU‹ 
M´ªË §H§a; 
 
‹kéX …}lkï †sï …mk E—Dï ›o·ch[ pU‹ ©M mk©M §pHÃmk LDq s§OE{] 
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‰êDê ›M]‹Y †£; 
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›Ä‘qFŠ sD‘é} mkM´}šmk: …mk ]\pq ›−KS MÏIÍHq …mk [mk–pq 

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›mkAF: ‰M„ê‘é} B›kï „íXqV }·iKé} }·iLð A²T} ‹mkF …mk ‘Ä„ï} 
…mk ‘éa·ï A²X} ›X‰mk ‘ªï A²X {oñ ›HDÊ |§ KÍEF¤ o}OEEq 
mkA§L~q mk‘²} mk–Díq ›mkF KXšM ILM …]olAðFŠ A²X} B›mk} Šmk –
siq} a´X} }M}³Ï |§ ‰êDê ‘ªï A²X HEÏ{q ]D ›OE{ mkA²Vgñ l§r 
KF‹— §‰ê} mkB²Vgñ so ‘§ oK\\E§ B›mk|} A²X|} Šmk MÃö|q 
}M©öH} }kVkX; 
 
Dkg! ‰Moñ …mk K†ogñ |§sï ÃöIÏ ›²DÃö‹È IDêÏ pU‹ mkÏX§ ›kD „ïD 
·chñ[ {§S: {²X´} pU‹ –§}Š –LðqŠ ]D s§IDÏ: {sï qI›r |§sï ÃöGêÏ 
mk©cñi} mkq‹‹F} IDêÏ pU‹ …ÏFº …D{ð „ïDê: mk›K[D÷ s§OE{ mks§ 
…©öFÈ} |mk ‘²} ‘éFc[lq} ‰M„ê ‘é} ‘é©ölq} ‰§ss‘: …UKé }KÄ„ï 
‘D¬ pU‹ mkKÃöHÏ KF‹— }MiVmk: eTmk{q sDÈ K©öS‹ ‹Ëq MŠú{ê 
s§M›}³—; 
 
]‘é…q| }sEDM §s‰T 
Ãö}–q} oÄgX{q} }…ŠD ]}‰êEq| 
†Lô};  
 
o Ê Ã K 
q—›mkoñ Šmk K›²k pU‹: (Šmk 1§ ‹\mk 4§) K‘ª†p}) 
(…DM o]Ë rY}r Š|ª 2004) 
 
 
http://www.jeberti.com/pdf/Kab_Mezgeb_Tarich_2004.pdf  
 
 

YouTube Link: 
 
Eritrea Smerrr for change 
Salih Abdullah on 
The Massawa Symposium (1982) 
By: Tesfamichael Giorgio 
The secret connection of Issayas Afeworki (Selfi Netsanet)  
and CIA agent  Richard Copland in 1960's and 1970's 
 
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F53bSs8N1Vs